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Figure 20 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 20. Nervous system in Pulvinites exempla. A diagrammatic lateral view showing the position of major nerves and ganglia. Inset: abdominal sense organ, transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff 's stain; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Scale bar = 50 µm. aso, abdominal sense organ; CP, cerebropleural ganglia; cpc, cerebropedal connectives; cvc, cerebrovisceral connectives; dpn, dorsal pedal nerves; gn, gill axis nerve; P, pedal ganglia (joined); pamn, posterior adductor muscle nerve; prmn, posterior pedobyssal retractor nerves; sec, supra-oesophageal connective; V, right visceral ganglion (left cannot be observed in this view).
Figure 19 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 19. Heart in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain) (scale bar = 300 µm). au, auricles; in, intestine; v, ventricle.
Figure 17 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 17. Morphology of ctenidia in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff 's stain) of a single inner demibranch. A, section at the ventralmost edge of the demibranch margins showing the absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion. B, section slightly proximal to that of (A) showing the limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to a transient, narrow, median bridge. C, section at mid-height of the demibranch. Scale bar = 50 µm. ac, apical cilia; iij, interlamellar junction; lc, lateral cilia; mc, mucocyte; mlfc, microlaterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion.
Figure 14 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 14. Details of mantle edge morphology in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, cross-section of the mantle; the arrow shows OF-2 (pallial skirt) (scale bar = 200 µm). B, lateral view of the interior mantle margin showing the outer surfaces of IF-1, IF-2, and OF-1; the arrow indicates the sinuous groove separating the inner fold (scale bar = 200 µm). C, magnified large tentacle of the inner surface of IF-1 (scale bar = 25 µm). D, small laterally compressed tentacles of the outer surface of IF-2 (scale bar = 50 µm). E, ciliated inner surface of IF-1 (scale bar = 10 µm). F, smooth inner surface of OF-1 (scale bar = 10 µm); IF, inner mantle fold; OF, outer fold; p, periostracum; t, tentacle.
Figure 16 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 16. Morphology of ctenidia in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, right lateral view of a mid-ventral part of ctenidia showing food grooves of the inner demibranchs (arrows) (scale bar = 250 µm). The left outer demibranch is not shown. B, magnified right lateral view of a gill lamella showing ciliation of the frontal surface and ciliated disks connecting neighbouring filaments (square) (scale bar = 50 µm). C, abfrontal surface of a lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by ciliated disks (scale bar = 150 µm). D, magnified squared area in (B) showing the Velcro-like cilial connection of ciliated disks projecting from spurs (scale bar = 10 µm). E, isolated ciliated disk projecting from a spur (scale bar = 10 µm).
Figure 13 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 13. Mantle edge morphology in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Histological cross-section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain). A, overview of the mantle margin at the ventral edge of the mantle showing the proximal displacement of OF-2 (pallial skirt) (scale bar = 500 µm). B, magnified mantle margin (scale bar = 200 µm). C, close-up of OF-2; the arrows indicate pigmented (presumably secretory) cells (scale bar = 50 µm). D, cross-section of the mantle edge posterior to the mantle isthmus showing the distal position of OF-2 and merging IF-1 and OF-2 folds (scale bar = 100 µm). c, circumpallial artery; IF, inner mantle fold; OF, outer fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; t, tentacle.
Figure 15 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 15. Posterior adductor muscle in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Histological sagittal section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain). The section was made close to the attachment surface of the adductor muscle showing slightly denser packed muscle fibres in the anterior section (right side) than in the posterior section (left side), separated by the dashed line (scale bar = 150 µm). Inset: visceral transverse connective (vc) suspended in loose connective tissue at the anteroventral surface of the posterior adductor muscle (pam) (scale bar = 250 µm).
Figure 10 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 10. Ligament morphology in Pulvinites exempla. A, lateral view of the left valve hinge plate showing the orientation of the ligament relative to the umbo (arrow) and the relative position of fibrous (F) and lamellar (L) sublayers. Superscripts indicate the ontogenetic order of the deposition of resilia (AMS C.129659; 62.2 mm). B, lateroventral view of the left valve hinge plate showing the breached ventral edge and the rounded cross-section of resilifers. Note the difference in colour between the ligostracal resilifer walls and the underlying ostracum (NMNZ M.153627; 68.1 mm).
Figure 11 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 11. Ligament microstructure in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 45.2 mm). A, transverse section of the hinge plate made through a resilifer showing the arrangement of shell layers (scale bar = 1 mm). Enlargement of the squared area is presented in (B). B, widest area of the ligostracum making the roof of the resilifer (scale bar = 50 µm). C, magnified interface of the ligostracal and nacreous layer showing the irregular pattern of the ligostracum (scale bar = 15 µm). flg, fibrous ligamental sublayer; L, ligostracum; M, myostracum; Ni, inner nacreous layer; No, outer nacreous layer; P, prismatic layer. Figures were prepared by polishing and etching sections of epoxy-embedded left valve.
Figure 4 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 4. Surface features of prodissoconch 1 in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; NMNZ M.150090). A, overview of the interior of joined valves in lateral view showing the D-shaped outline and straight hinge (scale bar = 100 µm). B, exterior surface of a valve in lateral view; the close-up of the squared area (inset) shows a nodulose surface; the arrow indicates the commarginal fold demarcating the marginal rim (scale bar = 100 µm). C, exterior surface of a valve in dorsal view showing faint commarginal and radial striae; the arrow indicates the periostracal ligament (scale bar = 10 µm). D, lateral view of the inner surface showing the granular interior surface and smooth valve margin (scale bar = 2 µm).
Figure 6. Prodissoconch 2 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 6. Prodissoconch 2 (P2) of the left valve of Pulvinites exempla (juvenile, AMS C.129659, 3.91 mm). The orientation of P2 is given with regard to its placement in the dissoconch. A, dorsal view of the exterior showing the concentric sculpture of P2 and its opisthogyrate placement. The white arrows indicate the P1–P2 transition; the black arrow indicates the metamorphic line. The hinge axis is orientated horizontally with the anterior at the left. B, ventral view showing the interior surface of P2 and the initial crenulation of the hinge plate underlying the first resilium. The arrow indicates the border of confluent scars of the posterior adductor–posterior pedobyssal retractor muscles. C, lateral view of the exterior surface showing the extent of inflation of P2. The white arrow indicates the P1–P2 transition; the black arrow indicates the metamorphic line. lg, resilium of ligament.
Figure 1 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 1. The shell of Pulvinites exempla, major features (lectotype; AMS C.170923, 140 mm). The shells are arranged with the hinge axis orientated horizontally. A, exterior of the right valve (RV). B, exterior of the left valve (LV). C, interior of the LV. D, interior of the RV. E, byssus. arms, anterior (pedobyssal) retractor muscle scar; cf, commarginal folds; cl, calcitic lamellae; cti, impressions of ctenidia; fo, foramen; fog, foramen groove; hl, hinge line; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreouos layer; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pmi, impressions of pallial retractor muscles; pms, pallial muscle scars; prms, posterior (pedobyssal) retractor muscle scar; su, suture; u, umbo.
Figure 12 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 12. Overview of the soft anatomy of Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves, byssus, right mantle lobe, and right ctenidium removed. B, right lateral view of the intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed. C, left lateral view of the soft anatomy with the byssus, valves, right mantle lobe, and right ctenidium removed. D, diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the alimentary tract and musculature. E, diagrammatic posterior view of transverse section through midline showing relative arrangement of principle muscles. arm, anterior pedobyssal retractor muscle; by, byssus (cut); byf, byssal fissure; ct, ctenidium; f, foot; h, heart; in, intestine; k, kidney; lg, ligament; li, lips; lp, labial palp; LV, left valve; mi, mantle isthmus; ml, mantle lobe; mo, mouth; oe, oesophagus; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pm, pallial muscles; prm, posterior pedobyssal retractor muscle; psk, pallial skirt; RV, right valve; sm, suspensory membrane; ss, supramyal septum; st, stomach; vg, visceral ganglia; vm, visceral mass.
Figure 5 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 5. Morphology of the provinculum in prodissoconch 1 of Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; NMNZ M.150090). A, interior view of the hinge plate of an articulated shell; the inset lettering refers to magnified views of outlined areas in corresponding figures (scale bar = 50 µm). B, transverse denticles (scale bar = 2 µm). C, D, terminal teeth and corresponding sockets (scale bar = 10 µm). The arrow indicates the periostracal ligament.
Figure 3 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 3. Juvenile specimen of Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 3.91 mm). A, exterior of the left valve (LV) in lateral view, with the arrow indicating the metamorphic line. B, exterior of the right valve (RV; fragment) in lateral view showing prodissoconch 2 and byssal-related structures. C, interior of the RV (fragment) in lateral view showing the interior of prodissoconch 2. fog, foramen groove; lg, resilium of ligament; su, suture.
Figure 2 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 2. The diversity of shell shape in Pulvinites exempla: right valve exterior. The shells are arranged with the hinge axis orientated horizontally. A, AMS C.037004 (paralectotype; 140 mm); B, AMS C.122000 (90 mm); C, NMNZ M.153627 (68.1 mm); D, AMS C.129659 (45.2 mm); E, AMS C.129659 (62.2 mm); F, AMS C.129659 (46.7 mm). Evidence of external physical damage is indicated by arrows.
Figure 9 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 9. Myostracum in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 45.2 mm). A, cross-section of shell showing the myostracum separating the inner and outer nacreous layers (scale bar = 100 µm). B, magnified crosssection of the interface of the myostracum and the outer nacreous layer showing the orientation of the irregular prismatic myostracum (scale bar = 5 µm). M, myostracum; Ni, inner nacreous layer; No, outer nacreous layer; P, prismatic layer. The figures were prepared by polishing and etching sections of epoxy-embedded left valve.
Fig. 1 in Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil: diet composition and variation
Fig. 1. Localization and morphometry of Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil, depicting sample sites: a=riverine zone; b=lacustrine zone.
Fig. 3 in Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil: diet composition and variation
Fig. 3. Average values (± standart error) of the axes scores from DCA ordination of Astyanax paranae's stomach contents volume among sampling years (a), sampling months (b), sampling sites (c) and specimens sex (d) in Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil.
Fig. 2 in Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil: diet composition and variation
Fig. 2. Volumetric proportion of food resources consumed by Astyanax paranae in Alagados Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil, among sampling years (a), sampling months (b), sampling sites (c) and specimens sex (d). dtsd=detritus/sediment; plmt=plant matter; alga=algae; aqis= aquatic insects; oaqi=other aquatic invertebrates; tris=terrestrial insects; rtin=rests of insects. The number of specimens considered in each analysis are indicated in parenthesis in the legends.
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