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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in Feeding Habits Of Sympatric Mustelids In An Agricultural Area Of Hungary

Fig. 1. Seasonal diet composition changes of the badger (Meles meles) and the marten (Martes sp.) in the Ormánság region (SW Hungary). W = winter, S = spring, Su = summer, A = autumn, (n) = num-

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Soilcare data agricultural soil quality improvement

Dataset that contains survey data on Spanish and UK respondents on agricultural soil quality protection and improvement

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Agricultural landscape simplification affects wild plant fitness indirectly through herbivore-mediated changes in floral display

As natural landscapes are modified and converted into simplified agricultural landscapes, the community composition and interactions of organisms persisting in these modified landscapes are altered. While many studies examine the consequences of these changing interactions for crops, few have evaluated the effects on wild plants. Here, we examine how pollinator and herbivore interactions affect fitness for wild resident and phytometer plants at sites along a landscape gradient ranging from natural to highly simplified. We tested the direct and indirect effects of landscape composition on plant traits and fitness mediated by insect interactions. For phytometer plants exposed to herbivores, we found that greater landscape complexity corresponded with elevated herbivore damage, which reduced total flower production but increased individual flower size. Though larger flowers increased pollination, the reduction in flowers ultimately reduced plant fitness. Herbivory was also higher in complex landscapes for resident plants, but overall damage was low and therefore did not have a cascading effect on floral display and fitness. This work highlights that landscape composition directly affects patterns of herbivory with cascading effects on pollination and wild plant fitness. Further, the absence of fitness consequences for resident plants suggests that they may be adapted to their local insect community.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

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Data from: Agricultural specialisation increases the vulnerability of pollination services for smallholder farmers

Smallholder farms make up 84% of all farms worldwide and feed two billion people. These farms are heavily reliant on ecosystem services and vulnerable to environmental change, yet under-represented in the ecological literature. The high diversity of crops in these systems makes it challenging to identify and manage the best providers of an ecosystem service, such as the best pollinators to meet the needs of multiple crops. It is also unclear whether ecosystem service requirements change as smallholders transition towards more specialised commercial farming – an increasing trend worldwide. Here, we present a new metric for predicting the species providing ecosystem services in diverse multi-crop farming systems. Working in 10 smallholder villages in rural Nepal, we use this metric to test whether key pollinators, and the management actions that support them, differ based on a farmers' agricultural priority (producing nutritious food to feed the family versus generating income from cash crops). We also test whether the resilience of pollination services changes as farmers specialise on cash crops. We show that a farmers' agricultural priority can determine the community of pollinators they rely upon. Wild insects including bumblebees, solitary bees, and flies provided the majority of the pollination service underpinning nutrient production, whilst income generation was much more dependent on a single species - the domesticated honeybee Apis cerana. The significantly lower diversity of pollinators supporting income generation leaves cash crop farmers more vulnerable to pollinator declines. Regardless of a farmers' agricultural priority, the same collection of wild plant species (mostly herbaceous weeds and shrubs) were important for supporting crop pollinators with floral resources. Promoting these wild plants is likely to enhance pollination services for all farmers in the region. Synthesis and applications: We highlight the increased vulnerability of pollination services when smallholders transition to specialised cash crop farming and emphasise the role of crop, pollinator, and wild plant diversity in mitigating this risk. The method we present could be readily applied to other smallholder settings across the world to help characterise and manage the ecosystem services underpinning the livelihoods and nutritional health of smallholder families.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

Fig. 6 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 6. DNA damage scores (mean ± SEM, n = 8) in erythrocytes of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 2. Activity (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of glutathione S-transferase in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 3 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 3. Activity (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of catalase in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Integrated biomarker response index using a Neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural areas

Fig. 4. Content (mean ± SEM, n = 8) of glutathione in liver (A) and gills (B) of A. altiparanae exposed in situ for seven days in five sites along Água das Araras stream (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and in a reference site (Ref). Different letters indicate significant differences between sites (P<0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in Circadian activity patterns of the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the Stone marten (Martes foina) in agricultural landscape of Northwestern Bulgaria during autumn-winter period

Fig. 3. Stone marten (Martes foina) and Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) daily activity patterns in protected area "Zlatiyata", Northwestern Bulgaria.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Circadian activity patterns of the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the Stone marten (Martes foina) in agricultural landscape of Northwestern Bulgaria during autumn-winter period

Fig. 2. Stone marten, Martes foina (left) and Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (right) captured in protected area "Zlatiyata", Northwestern Bulgaria.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River in Bombus distinguendus Morawitz, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia: Distribution, ecology and conservation

Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Fig. 525. Water extraction for agricultural use. A in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 21. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 525. Water extraction for agricultural use. A: Qarasu River; this locality is the natural habitat and spawning site of some rare species such as Sabanejewia aurata. B: Karun River.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. Unidentified taxa. Blenniidae sp. 1 (a); Blenniidae sp. 2 (b); Coilia sp. 1 (c); Callionymidae sp. 1 (d); Sillaginidae sp. 1 (e); Soleidae sp. 1 (f); Platycephalidae sp. 1 (g).

Fig. 3 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 3. Three degrees of pigmentation on the top of head of A. gymnocephalus larvae; heavy pigment (a); moderate pigment (b); sparse pigment (c, d).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. Map of sampling location (left) and enlarged inset box (right) showing five sampling stations (black circles) along the Klang Strait. Right arrow indicates offshore direction of transect line from Kapar power plant.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 2. Ontogenetic series of E. thoracata at preflexion (a); flexion (b, c); postflexion (d, e); early juvenile (f).

Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. Unidentified taxa. Trypauchen sp. 1 (h); Gobiidae sp. 1 (i); Gobiidae sp. 2 (j); Gobiidae sp. 3 (k); Gobiidae sp. 4 (l); Gobiidae sp. 5 (m); Gobiidae sp. 6 (n); Gobiidae sp. 7-1 (o); Gobiidae sp. 7-2 (p); Gobiidae sp. 8 (q).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. Five developmental stages of feathers and the regulators for natal down growth suppression in zebra finch. (A) Schematic diagram shows the five developmental stages of feathers: LoGZ, invagination, branching, feather β-keratin, and dermal papilla (Wu et al. 2018). (B) A summary of the mRNAs identified in Type I and Type II feather formations in zebra finch (Chen et al. 2016).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Fig. 1. The modified time calibrated Bayesian tree and a in Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. The modified time calibrated Bayesian tree and a plot of four major avian developmental modes (Prum et al. 2015). The complete tree is divided into parts A and B. Scale in the Y-axis: millions of years ago.