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FIGURE 17 in The anatomy and diversity of the pterosaurian sternum

FIGURE 17. The incomplete sternum of the giant azhdarchid Quetzalcoatlus (based on Andres and Langston, 2021) which has most of the sternal plate missing. Shown in A) dorsal, B) ventral and C) anterior views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The anatomy and diversity of the pterosaurian sternum

FIGURE 1. The sterna of adult individuals of A) the non-pterodactyloid Rhamphorhynchus (based on Wellnhofer, 1975) and B) the pterodactyloid Pteranodon (based on Bennett, 2003). These are seen in i) dorsal, ii) lateral and iii) ventral views. Abbreviations here and throughout are: af, articulation facet; ca, coracoid articulation; cr, cristospine; pf, piercing foramen; pn, pneumatopore; rd ridge (or keel); sp, sternal plate; tb tubercle; xa, xiphoid articulation. Scale bars are A 10 mm and B 50 mm.

FIGURE 10 in The anatomy and diversity of the pterosaurian sternum

FIGURE 10. The sterna of the pteranodontoid pterosaurs A) Pteranodon (based on Bennett, 2001), B) Nyctosaurus (based on Jiang, 2016) and C) Musquizopteryx (based on Frey et al., 2006). These are all seen in ventral view. Scale bars are A, 50 mm and C, 50 mm, no scale bar was provided for B, but based on Willison, 1902, this would be c. 70 mm in diameter.

FIGURE 8 in The anatomy and diversity of the pterosaurian sternum

FIGURE 8. The sternum of the wukongopterid Kunpengopterus (drawn from Wang et al., 2010). Shown in dorsal view. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 4. MicroCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. The external surface of the crab is translucent to show the position of the preserved internal structures that the scan detected. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles. A, dorsal view. B, frontal view. C, right lateral view. D, closeup of dorsal view. E, closeup of frontal view. F, closeup of right lateral view. G, closeup of left lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 3. Exposed gills of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota and an interpretative drawing. 1-4: inferred number of gills;?af: possible afferent vessel.

FIGURE 1 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 1. Location of study area in South Dakota. A, paleobiogeographic map of most of North America during the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) with the locality indicated by a red dot (modified from Sampson et al., 2010, figure 1). B, photo of the locality in Pennington County, South Dakota, USA, where the studied crab specimen was discovered. A massive limestone from the upper Campanian Didymoceras cheyennense ammonite Zone is located at the top of the hill on the right and many limestone pieces are found downslope.

FIGURE 2 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 2. The crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, closeups of the preserved gills in left branchial chamber. C, carapace in ventral view. D, carapace in frontal view.

FIGURE S3 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE S3. Rotating illustration of the microCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles; purple-pink: possible anterior gastric muscles. See online version for rotation (https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2023/3973- soft-tissues-in-fossil-crab).

FIGURE 5 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 5. Rotating illustration (spin around the dorsal and ventral sides) of the microCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles. See online version for rotation (https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2023/3973-soft-tissues-in-fossil-crab).

Fig. 13. Rhamdiopsis krugi, 32.5 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 13. Rhamdiopsis krugi, 32.5 mm SL, adult, live specimen photographed in aquarium on July 16th, 2008, unpreserved; Poço Encantado cave, left margin of the rio Una, Municipality of Itaetê, State of Bahia, Brazil. Courtesy of Adriano Gambarini.

Fig. 9 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 9. Basal region of left pectoral fin and proximate portions of pectoral girdle of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype.Ventralview. AP) articularcleithralprocess; CB) posterior complex bone of pectoral girdle (scapula, coracoid, and mesocoracoid fused); CK) coracoid keel; CL) cleithrum; DC) complex distal radial; DR1) distal radial 1; DR2a-c) pieces of distal radial 2; MA) mesocoracoid arch; PP) postcleithral process; and PR1-2) proximalradials 1 and 2. Scalebar = 0.7 mm.

Fig. 8 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 8. Pectoral girdle and fins of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype. Dorsal view. AP) articular cleithral process; CB) posterior complex bone of pectoral girdle (scapula, coracoid, and mesocoracoid fused); CL) cleithrum; DR2b) main posterior piece of distal radial 2; MA) mesocoracoid arch; PP) postcleithral process; PR2) proximal radial 2; RR1) rigid part of pectoral-fin ray 1; and SR1) soft part of pectoral-fin ray 1. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 5. Left suspensorium and opercular series of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype. Lateral view. EN) entopterygoid; HFen) foramen for entrance of ramus hyoideus of hyomandibular nerve trunk; HMex) foramen for exit of hyomandibular nerve trunk; HY) hyomandibula; IF) foramen for exit of infraorbital trunk nerve; IO) interopercle; MFen) foramen for entrance of ramus mandibularis externus facialis of hyomandibular nerve trunk; MT) metapterygoid; OP) opercle; pm8-11) preoperculomandibular sensory branches 8 to 11; PO) preopercle; and QU) quadrate. Scale bar = 1.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 2. Anterior portion of the body of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5929, 37.1 mm SL, holotype. Arrows indicate the limits of the pseudotympanum.

Fig. 12 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 12. Rhamdiopsis krugi, ca. 30.0 mm SL, adult, live specimen photographed in the nature in August, 1991, not collected; Poço Encantado cave, ca. 7 km from left margin of the rio Una, Municipality of Itaetê, State of Bahia, Brazil.

Fig. 7 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 7. Anterior vertebrae of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype. Dorsal view. AB) anterior branch of transverse process 4; AP) accessory process of vertebra 7; ll1-3) lateral line sensory branches 1 to 3; NL) neural lamina (neural arches of vertebrae 3 and 4); NS4) neural spine of vertebra 4; PB) posterior branch of transverse process 4; SB) swimbladder; TP4) transverse process 4; and TP5) transverse process 5. Arrow indicates osseous bridge joining anterior and posterior branches of transverse process 4. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 4. Cranium of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype. a) dorsal view; b) ventral view. Abbreviations: AF) anterior fontanel; AN) antorbital; AP) autopalatine; AT) antorbital tubule; BL) Baudelot's ligament; BO) basioccipital; EC) ethmoidean cartilage; EP) epioccipital; ES) extrascapula; EX) exoccipital; FR) frontal; HF) hyomandibular facet; i1-6) infraorbital sensory branches 1 to 6; LE) lateral ethmoid; ME) mesethmoid; MX) maxilla; NA) nasal; OF) optic foramen (rudiment); OS) orbitosphenoid; PA) parasphenoid; PF) posterior fontanel; PM) premaxilla; PO) prootic; po1-3) postotic sensory branches 1 to 3; PT) pterotic; PS) pterosphenoid; s1-3) supraorbital sensory branches 1 to 3; s6) supraorbital sensory branch 6 (epiphyseal branch); s7) supraorbital sensory branch 7 (postorbital branch); s8) supraorbital sensory branch 8 (parietal branch); SC) supracleithrum; SP) sphenotic; ST1-4) suborbital tubules 1 to 4; SU) supraoccipital; TF) trigeminofacial foramen; VL) ventrolateral limb of supracleithrum; VM) ventromedial limb of supracleithrum; and VO) vomer. Scale bars = 1.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 6. Gill arches of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5928, 33.9 mm SL, paratype. Dorsal view. Gill rakers and dorsal elements of left gill arches not shown. AN) accessory cartilaginous nodule; BB2-4) basibranchials 2 to 4; CB1-5) ceratobranchials 1 to 5; EB1-5) epibranchials 1 to 5; HB1-3) hypobranchials 1 to 3; PB3-4) pharyngobranchials 3 and 4; TP) tooth plate; and UP) uncinate process. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography

Fig. 3. Anterior portion of the body of Rhamdiopsis krugi, LIRP 5929, 37.1 mm SL, holotype, showing laterosensory canal system. a) lateral view; b) dorsal view; c) ventral view. i1) infraorbital sensory branch 1; i2) infraorbital sensory branch 2 (antorbital branch); i3-6) infraorbital sensory branches 3 to 6; ll1) lateral line sensory branch 1; ll2-11) lateral line sensory branches 2 to 11; pm1-11) preoperculomandibular sensory branches 1 to 11; po1) postotic sensory branch 1; po1+pm11) postotic-preoperculomandibular complex sensory branch (postotic sensory branch 1 + preoperculomandibular sensory branch 11); po2) postotic sensory branch 2 (pterotic or temporal branch); po3) postotic sensory branch 3; s1-3) supraorbital sensory branches 1 to 3; s6) supraorbital sensory branch 6 (epiphyseal branch); and s8) supraorbital sensory branch 8 (parietal branch). Scale bar = 3 mm.