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Fig. 2 in Effects of the Naturally Occurring Parasitic NematodeChondronema passaliLeidy on Lifting Strength and Captivity-Related Body Mass Patterns in the Horned Passalus Beetle,Odontotaenius disjunctus(Illiger) (Coleoptera: Passalidae)
Fig. 2. Relationship between body size (initial body mass) and maximum lifting strength (at Week 1) in Odontotaenius disjunctus.
Comparative Evaluation of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Waist-To-Hip Ratio as Correlates of Glucose Intolerance among Rural Dwellers in Nigeria
<p>This research investigates the comparative efficacy of Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) as correlates of glucose intolerance among rural dwellers in Nigeria. Conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study in Oyo State, Nigeria, the research involved adults aged 18 years and above. The study employed a multi-stage cluster sampling technique, selecting participants from rural communities. Exclusion criteria included pregnant women and those with known diabetes or medications affecting glucose metabolism. Anthro-pometric indices and blood glucose levels were determined using Hanson's weighing scale, a meter rule, and biochemical auto-analyzers. The BMI, WC, and WHR were utilized to assess obesity and abdominal adiposity. Blood glucose levels were measured for fasting and 2-hour post-prandial samples. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and chi-square tests using SPSS version 26. Results from the study revealed demographic characteristics and medical history of participants. Findings indicated a significant association between anthropometric parameters and gender. Notably, WHR exhibited a strong correlation with glucose intolerance, emphasizing its potential as a predictor. The study also presented the correlation of BMI, WC, and WHR with blood glucose levels, categorizing participants into different risk groups based on these indices. This research contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness of BMI, WC, and WHR in predicting glucose intolerance among rural dwellers in Nigeria. The findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions for specific populations, considering regional variations in health determinants. Future research can build upon these results to develop targeted strategies for diabetes prevention and management in rural communities.</p>
Figure 5 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds
Figure 5. Box plots with whiskers showing the variation among locomotion modes of percentage prediction errors (%PE) for the multiple regression analysis (MR; grey) and the single regression analysis (SR; white) equations adjusted in modern birds. Box length shows the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles). The horizontal line within boxes indicates the median. Vertical lines show the 5–95% confidence limits. Points indicate values outside these limits (i.e. outliers). Black horizontal lines between the grey and white boxes show the %PE estimates obtained with the equation based on humeral length (HL), the osteological variable less affected by ecological groupings (as shown by its lower F-statistic values; see Tables 6 and 7). %PE values greater than zero indicate an underestimation and %PE values lower than zero indicate an overestimation. A, %PE variation with respect to groups of aerial locomotion. Abbreviations: CF, continuous flapping; FG, flapping and gliding; FB, flapping and bounding; S, soaring. B, %PE variation with respect to groups of non-aerial locomotion. Abbreviations: A, aquatic; TG, terrestrial ground-dwelling; TN, terrestrial non-ground-dwelling; ATG, aquatic and grounddwelling; TGN, perching and ground-dwelling.
Figure 1. Calibrated phylogeny for the main avian taxa. Tree topology was obtained from O in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds
Figure 1. Calibrated phylogeny for the main avian taxa. Tree topology was obtained from O'Connor, Chiappe & Bell (2011) and divergence times are based on a 'literal' interpretation of the fossil record from Brockelhurst et al. (2012). Taxa abbreviations: Nth, Neornithes; Orph, Ornithuromorpha; Orn, Ornithothoraces; Orth, Ornithurae; Pyg, Pygostylia.
Figure 4 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds
Figure 4. Biplots used in the selection of four variables for each fossil group of Mesozoic birds: humeral length (HL), femoral length (FL), diaphyseal craniocaudal width of ulna (dUW), and diaphyseal craniocaudal width of femur (dFWcc). Each predictor variable was plotted against a combination of the 14 remaining variables used for estimating body mass (BM; Table S3). The biplots show the regression line fitted for extant birds (grey circles) with the 95% confidence intervals for BM predictions (dotted lines). Following the procedure of selection of variables (see text), HL and FL were used for generating functions that can be applied to all fossil avian taxa. In contrast, dUW and dFWcc could not be incorporated into the functions adjusted for estimating BM in Archaeopterygidae and Enantiornithes, respectively.
Figure 3 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds
Figure 3. Effects of weighting for the best-fitting multiple regression equation obtained from the modern data set (see Table 2). A, distribution of familiar residuals for unweighted data, and for data weighted by families. Each box plot with whiskers represents one family. Box length shows the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles). Horizontal lines indicate the 5–95% confidence limits. Asterisks show outliers. Abbreviations for families: Ac, Accipitridae; Ad, Alcedinidae; Ae, Aegothelidae; Al, Alcidae; An, Anatidae; Ap, Apodidae; Ar, Ardeidae; At, Artamidae; Au, Alaudidae; Ca, Caprimulgidae; Cc, Cacatuidae; Ch, Charadriidae; Ci, Ciconiidae; Co, Columbidae; Cn, Cinclidae; Cr, Coraciidae; Ct, Catharthidae; Cu, Cuculidae; Cv, Corvidae; Di, Diomedeidae; Fa, Falconidae; Fg, Fringillidae; Fr, Fregatidae; Ga, Gaviidae; Gr, Gruidae; He, Hemiprocnidae; Hi, Hirundinidae; La, Laridae; Ln, Lanidae; Me, Meleagridae; Mg, Megapodidae; Mo, Motacillidae; Mp, Meropidae; Ms, Musophagidae; Mu, Muscicapidae; Ot, Otididae; Pa, Paridae; Pc, Pelecanoididae; Pd, Podicipedidae; Pe, Pelecanidae; Ph, Phasianidae; Pic, Picidae; Pit, Pittidae; Pl, Phalacrocoracidae; Pn, Pandionidae; Po, Podargidae; Pr, Procellaridae; Ps, Psittacidae; Pt, Pteroclidae; Pu, Prunellidae; Ra, Rallidae; Re, Recurvirostridae; Ry, Rynchopidae; Sc, Stercoriidae; Sg, Strigidae; So, Scolopacidae; Sr, Sturnidae; St, Sternidae; Su, Sulidae; Sy, Sylviidae, Te, Tetraonidae; Th, Threskiornithidae; Tt, Tytonidae; Tu, Turdidae; Ty, Tyrannidae; Up, Upupidae. B, plot showing the variations of %MPE with the increase of individuals per family. The dashed line represents the unweighted multiple regression analysis (MR) and the grey line represents the weighted MR.
Figure 2 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds
Figure 2. Illustration of osteological limb measurements used in this study and defined in Table 1: A, cranial aspect of the humerus; B, dorsal aspect of the ulna and the radius; C, dorsal aspect of the carpometacarpus; D, caudal aspect of the femur; E, caudal aspect of the tibiotarsus; F, cranial aspect of the tarsometarsus.
Body mass and hibernation microclimate may predict bat susceptibility to white-nose syndrome
<p>In multi-host disease systems, differences in mortality between species may reflect variation in host physiology, morphology, and behavior. In systems where the pathogen can persist in the environment, microclimate conditions, and the adaptation of the host to these conditions, may also impact mortality. White-nose syndrome is an emerging disease of hibernating bats caused by an environmentally persistent fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans. We assessed the effects of body mass, torpid metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and hibernaculum temperature and water vapor deficit on predicted overwinter survival of bats infected by P. destructans. We used a hibernation energetics model in an individual-based model framework to predict the probability of survival of nine bat species at eight sampling sites across North America. The model predicts time until fat exhaustion as a function of species-specific host characteristics, hibernaculum microclimate, and fungal growth. We fit a linear model to determine relationships with each variable and predicted survival and semi-partial correlation coefficients to determine the major drivers in variation in bat survival. We found host body mass and hibernaculum water vapor deficit explained over half of the variation in survival with white-nose syndrome across species. As previous work on the interplay between host and pathogen physiology and the environment has focused on species with narrow microclimate preferences, our view on this relationship is limited. Our results highlight some key predictors of interspecific survival among western bat species and provide a framework to assess impacts of white-nose syndrome as the fungus continues to spread into western North America.</p>
Bivalve body size distribution through the Late Triassic mass extinction event
<p><span>The synergic relationship between physiology, ecology and evolutionary process makes the body size distribution (BSD) an essential component of the community ecology. Body size is highly susceptible to environmental change, and extreme upheavals, such as during a mass extinction event, could exert drastic changes on a taxon's BSD. It has been hypothesized that the Late Triassic mass extinction event (LTE) was triggered by intense global warming, linked to massive volcanic activity associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. We test the effects of the LTE on the BSD of fossil bivalve assemblages from three study sites spanning the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in the UK.</span> <span>Our results show that the effects of the LTE were rapid and synchronous across sites, and the BSDs of the bivalves record drastic changes associated with species turnover. No phylogenetic signal of size selectivity was recorded, although semi-infaunal species were apparently most susceptible to change. Each size class had the same likelihood of extinction during the LTE, which resulted in a platykurtic BSD with negative skew. The immediate post-extinction assemblage exhibits a leptokurtic BSD although with negatively skewed, where surviving species and newly appearing small-sized colonizers exhibit body sizes near the modal size. Recovery was relatively rapid (~100kyr), and larger bivalves began to appear during the Pre-Planorbis Zone, despite recurrent dysoxic/anoxic conditions. This study demonstrates how a mass extinction acts across the size spectrum in bivalves and shows how BSDs emerge from evolutionary and ecological processes.</span></p>
Coping with seasonality: dynamics of adult body mass and survival in an alpine hibernator
<p><span>Alpine mammals are highly vulnerable to current and projected climate change because they are confined to a certain elevation range. Physiological and behavioural adaptations in burrowing species, such as finding shelter in burrows when the summer conditions are unfavorable and hibernating in winter during the stressful period of resource shortage, could partly buffer the negative impacts of these forecasted changes. We studied the links between environmental factors and annual variations in adult mass and survival over 14 years in hoary marmots. We hypothesized that annual variation in seasonal environmental factors determines individual mass and survival through direct effects on food quality and availability, expecting greater survival when marmots reach higher mass before hibernation. We found that harsh winters decreased mass at emergence from hibernation by 47% compared with mild winters. Nonetheless, adult marmots had a greater mass gain in summers following harsh winters and reached a similar mass at the end of the summer compared with summers following mild winters. This result suggests individuals can adopt a resource allocation strategy that allows maximizing summer mass gain to survive hibernation. Earlier springs also increased summer mass gain by 15 g/day, and tended to increase apparent adult survival by 23%, compared with late springs. While these findings suggest a warming climate could have positive effects on summer mass gain and survival, survival also tended to decrease by 24% in summers with more precipitation. This result suggests the forecasted changes in precipitation extremes could also trigger considerable</span><span> </span><span>negative effects on the demography of burrowing species in the long term. Our study shows</span><span> </span><span>that, although burrowing and hibernating behaviours could buffer responses to</span><span> </span><span>environmental changes, these behaviours are not an indefectible shield against climate</span><span> </span><span>change.</span></p>
Data on Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) body mass, wing, and headbill length
<p>Body-size reductions are a pervasive response to climate change, and body size is a central trait linking together multiple axes of ecology, physiology and life history. Using a combination of three decades of data and controlled experiments, we show that male and female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) have become smaller structurally, despite chicks growing larger under warmer nest temperatures and larger chicks being more likely to return as adults. We find that adult structural size trends are associated with warmer overwintering conditions, rather than the nestling period. Further, adult male body mass trends depend on climate conditions during spring migration; male breeding mass decreased by 4%, whereas female mass was unchanged. This may be explained by the demands of reproduction, as lighter females produce fewer offspring. This work highlights the complex interactions that shape relationships between traits and fitness, which will be critical for predicting evolutionary responses in future environments.</p>
Supplemental material for "Statins, type 2 diabetes and body mass index: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study"
<p>Supplemental material for "Statins, type 2 diabetes and body mass index: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study" by Guoyi Yang and C Mary Schooling.</p>
Fig. 4 in Divergence in Body Mass, Wing Loading, and Population Structure Reveals Species-Specific and Potentially Adaptive Trait Variation Across Elevations in Montane
Fig. 4. Parameter estimates for fixed effects (β) in spatial mixed effects models (spaMM) for each species, with 95% CIs, testing the effects of Elevation (scaled), AMT (scaled), and Elevation * AMT interaction on traits; Asterisk indicates the CIs did not encompass zero. If no estimate is shown that variable was not included in the model for that species. Maps show spatial trends of trait value from interpolation of estimates for each model (filled.mapMM function in spaMM). Note, for B. vosnesenskii mass and pw-Empty, the low-AIC models were intercept plus random effect only, but for visualization, results are presented for the next best model with at least one fixed effect (seeTable 2 for model details).
Fig. 3 in Divergence in Body Mass, Wing Loading, and Population Structure Reveals Species-Specific and Potentially Adaptive Trait Variation Across Elevations in Montane
Fig. 3. Effect predictions (with 95% CI) of mass (field and empty), thorax size (ITS), forewing area, and transformed wing loading (pw-Field, pw-Empty) against (A) latitude, (B) AMT (Worldclim BIO1 variable), and (C) elevation from univariate linear mixed effects models for B. vancouverensis (blue) and B. vosnesenskii (red). Statistical analyses were conducted on log-transformed mass, ITS, and wing loading (see SuppTable S4 [online only]), but responses were back-transformed to the original scale for plotting (plot_model function in sjPlot). Lines are labeled with significance estimate of the β parameter estimated from lmerTest (*P <0.05; ***P <0.001; unlabeled = not significant, CI encompasses zero).
Fig. 1 in Divergence in Body Mass, Wing Loading, and Population Structure Reveals Species-Specific and Potentially Adaptive Trait Variation Across Elevations in Montane
Fig. 1. Map of sampling localities in California, Oregon, and Washington, United States.Bombus vancouverensis is indicated by circles,B. vosnesenskii by triangles, and additional B. vosnesenskii from 2013 used to improve elevational coverage at middle latitudes for some traits by open triangles. Grayscale shading reflects a digital elevation model for the region.
Fig. 5 in Divergence in Body Mass, Wing Loading, and Population Structure Reveals Species-Specific and Potentially Adaptive Trait Variation Across Elevations in Montane
Fig. 5. Relationships among space, population structure (FST), and average mass and wing loading (pw) differences among pair of populations for (A) B. vancouverensis and (B) B. vosnesenskii. Panels include plots of isolation by distance (FST by geographic distance), effects of population structure on mass, and the effects of elevation on mass and pw residuals from models including FST and geographic distance.The latter panels are included to illustrate the remaining positive effect of elevational separation on wing loading differences among B. vancouverensis populations after accounting for space and population structure, but not for B. vosnesenskii populations and not for mass in either species (seeTable 3 and Supp Fig. S6 [online only]).
Fig. 2 in Divergence in Body Mass, Wing Loading, and Population Structure Reveals Species-Specific and Potentially Adaptive Trait Variation Across Elevations in Montane
Fig. 2. Boxplots (shown for site means) and tests of differences between species in overall field mass (A), empty mass (B), ITS (C), forewing area (D), pw-Field (E), and pw-Empty (F). Statistical tests are summaries taken from linear mixed models (full report and parameter estimates in Supp Table S1 [online only]), showing marginal (R 2) and conditional (R 2) R2 values and with df for the species effect t statistic and P-values (***P <0.001; N.S. = not significant) associated with the M C relevant fixed effect estimated using lmertest. Mass, ITS, and pw values were log-transformed for statistical tests but plotted untransformed. Panels G–L show scatterplots of correlations among several traits for each bee and are presented with Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) and 95% CIs (see SuppTables 2 and 3 [online only] and Supp Figs. S2–S4 [online only] for additional trait correlation statistical details).
Old world fruit bat body mass: bat-body-masses.txt.gz
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Bivalve body mass: Body mass bivalves
<p>estimated from body length, from literature sources</p> <p> </p>
Macroecological database of mammalian body mass: Smith et al, 2011
NCEAS 2182: Smith: Body size in ecology and paleoecology: Linking pattern and process across spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and Smith F. Macroecological database of mammalian body mass (doi:10.5063/AA/nceas.196.3)<p></p>Macroecological database of mammalian body mass NCEAS 2182: Smith: Body size in ecology and paleoecology: Linking pattern and process across spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. Felisa Smith, S. Kathleen Lyons, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Kate E. Jones, Dawn M. Kaufman, Tamar Dayan, Pablo A. Marquet, James H. Brown, John P. Haskell . <p></p>http://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.9981
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.