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Fig. 8 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa
Fig. 8. Nuclear apparatus of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Interphase state showing the micronucleus in an indentation of the macronucleus, which has an irregular surface and contains numerous electron-dense inclusions, probably nucleoli. (B) A macronucleus showing the replication band. The arrow indicates the migration direction of the replication band. 1, zone of typical macronuclear structure; 2, zone characterised by protein and RNA production; 3, bright zone with beginning biosynthesis and DNA replication; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus. Scale bars: 2 µm.
Fig. 4 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa
Fig. 4. Girdle kinety of Limnostrombidium viride (A, scanning electron micrograph; B, scheme of dikinetid). (A) Detail of kinety showing the two alternating types of girdle cilia. (B) Dikinetid with the associated structures; the presence of a transverse ribbon is uncertain. Numbering of the triplets (1–9) follows the "Grain convention", but is somewhat uncertain, as the triplets are difficult to identify. The scheme bases on numerous transmission electron micrographs (not shown). DS, desmose; KD, kinetodesmal fibril; PC, postciliary microtubular ribbon; SC1, club-shaped cilia of left dikinetidal basal bodies (originally anterior ones); SC2, condylocilia of right dikinetidal basal bodies (originally posterior ones). Scale bar: 2 µm.
Fig. 6. A–G in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 6. A–G. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec., ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of early dividers after protargol impregnation. Parental cirri depicted by contour, new ones shaded black. Arrow in (C, D, F) marks the undulating membrane anlage; arrowhead in (A, F) denotes the posterior postoral cirrus, and asterisk in (F) marks the reorganizing parental undulating membranes. A. Ventral view of a very early divider, showing the oral primordium close to the posterior postoral cirrus (arrowhead), i.e., just posterior of the buccal vertex. B. Detail of the oral primordium growing around the posterior postoral cirrus. The oral primordium develops in a deep pouch, as typical of psilotrichids, and consists of densely and irregularly arranged basal bodies that will produce the opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles. C. Ventral view, showing that the opisthe's undulating membrane anlage (arrow) develops from the oral primordium. Five cirral streaks appear in the opisthe: the first two are possibly derived from the oral primordium, the third streak forms near the anterior cirrus of the postoral row, and streaks IV and V develop within ventral cirral row R3. At this stage, the proter's right marginal cirral row anlage appears at the anterior end of the parental row, very likely by dissociation of its anteriormost cirri. The opisthe's right marginal cirral row anlage is formed within the parental row at the level of the oral primordium. D–G. Ventral and dorsal views, showing five cirral streaks developing both in proter and opisthe. Formation of new marginal cirral rows and of dorsal kineties proceeds as usual for psilotrichids. Specifically, the proter's left and right marginal cirral row anlagen develop at the anterior end of the parental marginal cirral rows. The opisthe's left and right marginal cirral row anlagen are formed within the parental marginal cirral rows at the level of the oral primordium. The marginal cirral row anlagen gradually produce new cirri posteriorly. Morphogenesis of the dorsal ciliature begins by formation of within-row primordia in the third dorsal kinety at two sites, anterior and posterior to the fission area, separated by two parental bristles (E). The primordia of the first and second dorsal kinety develop later on and are produced in a similar way, that is, by proliferation of basal bodies at two sites which are separated by some parental bristles. The new dorsal kineties reach their final length and structure in mid-dividers (cp. Fig. 6G with Fig. 7B, D). I–V – cirral streaks; ADK3 – anlagen of dorsal kinety 3; ALMR – anlagen of left marginal cirral row; ARMR – anlagen of right marginal cirral row; DK1–3 – dorsal kineties; MA – macronuclear nodules; MI – micronucleus; OP – oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 µm.
Fig. 7. A–H in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 7. A–H. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec., ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of mid-dividers (A–D), of a late divider (G, H), and of a post-divider (E, F) after protargol impregnation. Arrow in (A) indicates that ventral cirral row R3 forms from anlagen IV and V. I–V – cirral streaks; DK1–3 – dorsal kineties; F – fibres; LMR – left marginal cirral row; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; POR – postoral cirral row; R1–3 – ventral cirral rows; RMR – right marginal cirral row. Scale bars: 20 µm.
Fig. 5. A–D in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 5. A–D. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. in the SEM. A, B. Dorsal overviews, showing the three ribs. Arrows mark long posterior bristles. C. Dorsal view of a late divider. D. Detail of fission area of the divider shown in (C). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; DK1–3 – dorsal kineties; EP – excretory pores; LMR – left marginal cirral row; RMR – right marginal cirral row. Scale bars: 5 µm (D) and 20 µm (A–C).
Fig. 4. A–D in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 4. A–D. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. in the SEM. A. Ventral overview. B–D. Details of oral apparatus; arrows in (C) mark the buccal seal. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; BR – buccal ridge; DK1 – dorsal kinety; EM – endoral membrane; LMR – left marginal cirral row; PM – paroral membrane; POR – postoral cirral row; R1–3 – ventral cirral rows; SC – scutum. Scale bars: 5 µm (C), 10 µm (B, D), and 20 µm (A).
Fig. 2. A–K in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 2. A–K. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. from life (A–H) and after protargol impregnation (I–K). Arrowhead in (A, B, I) marks the anterior body projection. A–F. Ventral and dorsal (D) overviews, showing general body organization. G, H. Intracelullar green algae contain a subapical red eyespot, starch granules, and a big chloroplast. I–K. Ventral views, showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; CH – chloroplast; CV – contractile vacuole; EM – endoral membrane; GA – intracelullar green algae; LMR – left marginal cirral row; MA – macronuclear nodules; MI – micronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; POR – postoral cirral row; R1–3 – ventral cirral rows; RMR – right marginal cirral row; SG – starch granules; ST – stigma. Scale bars: 10 µm (G, H) and 20 µm (A–F, I–K).
Fig. 4. A–P in Morphology and Morphogenesis of a Chinese Population of the Soil Urostylid Ciliate, Extraholosticha sylvatica (Foissner, 1982) Li et al., 2017 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Fig. 4. A–P Photomicrographs of Extraholosticha sylvatica, during morphogenesis after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral views of oral primordium of the opisthe. Arrow indicates the parental midventral cirri. (C) Dorsal view of an early divider, arrow shows dorsal kinety anlage. (D, H) Ventral views of early dividers, arrows show the development of the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen. (E) Ventral view of an early divider, to show the left marginal anlagen. (F) Ventral view of an early divider, arrow indicates the undulating membranes anlage. (G) Ventral view, arrow demonstrates that old adoral zone of membranelles was renewed in the rear part. (I, J) Ventral (I) and dorsal (J) views of a middle divider, to show the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrow in I) and the fusing macronuclear nodule (arrow in J). (K) Ventral view of a late divider, arrow showing the dorsal kinety anlage. (L, M) Ventral views of a late divider, to show the old midventral pairs (arrow in L), as well as newly formed transverse cirri (arrow in M), pretransverse cirri (arrowheads), and midventral pairs (doublearrowhead). (N) Dorsal view, to show the caudal cirri (arrow). (O, P) Dorsal views, showing the micronuclei (arrow) and macronuclear nodule (P). LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen.
Fig. 1. A–I in Morphology and Morphogenesis of a Chinese Population of the Soil Urostylid Ciliate, Extraholosticha sylvatica (Foissner, 1982) Li et al., 2017 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Fig. 1. A–I Illustrations of Extraholosticha sylvatica after protargol staining (A–C) and photomicrographs from life (D–G) and after protargol staining (H, I). (A–C) Ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) view to show the general infraciliature (A, B) and the nuclear apparatus (C). Arrow in A shows the frontoventral cirri behind the leftmost frontal cirrus. (D, E) Ventral views of slightly squeezed specimens, arrows show two collecting canals (D) and the contractile vacuole (E). (F) Dorsal view, arrows point to the cortical granules. (G) Posterior portion of body, to show crystals (arrow) and lipid granules. (H) Ventral view of a representative individual, with an arrow showing the frontoventral cirri behind the leftmost frontal cirrus. (I) Dorsal view, to demonstrate dorsal kineties. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FTC, frontoterminal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; MP, midventral pairs; P, paroral; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars = 75 μm (A–E, H, I); 6 μm (F); 20 μm (G).
Fig. 3. A–F in Morphology and Morphogenesis of a Chinese Population of the Soil Urostylid Ciliate, Extraholosticha sylvatica (Foissner, 1982) Li et al., 2017 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Fig. 3. A–F Morphogenesis of Extraholosticha sylvatica after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of a late divider. Arrowheads mark the dorsal kineties anlagen. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider. Note that two frontoterminal cirri (arrows in C), the pretransverse cirri (arrowheads in C), transverse cirri (double-arrowheads) and dorsal kineties anlagen (arrowheads in D) are formed in both the proter and the opisthe, as well as caudal cirri derived from the posterior end of dorsal kinety anlage 5 in both daughter cells (arrows in D). (E, F) Ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same late specimen, to demonstrate that almost all the cirri have arrived their final place. Arrows denote the caudal cirri formed from dorsal kinety anlage 5 and arrowheads mark the dorsal kineties anlagen. DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlagen. Scale bars = 75 μm (A–F).
Fig. 3. A–D in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 3. A–D. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. in the SEM. A–C. Overviews, showing general body organization. D. Detail of oral apparatus of the specimen shown in (C). The paroral membrane is C-shaped and extends on the buccal ridge. The length of the adoral cilia abruptly decreases in the proximal half of the adoral zone. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; BR – buccal ridge; BU – buccal cavity; LMR – left marginal cirral row; PM – paroral membrane; POR – postoral cirral row; R1–3 – ventral cirral rows; RMR – right marginal cirral row; SC – scutum. Scale bars: 10 µm (D) and 20 µm (A–C).
Fig. 2. A–H in Morphology and Morphogenesis of a Chinese Population of the Soil Urostylid Ciliate, Extraholosticha sylvatica (Foissner, 1982) Li et al., 2017 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Fig. 2. A–H Morphogenesis in Extraholosticha sylvatica, after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral views of an early divider, to show the newly formed oral primordium. Arrow shows that midventral pairs take part in the formation of oral primordium. (C, D) Ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of an early divider. Arrow in (C) shows frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen, arrowheads show the undulating membranes anlagen in the proter and the opisthe, while arrows in (D) note that the dorsal kineties anlagen are formed in old structure. (E) Ventral view of an early divider. Arrow shows the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen and arrowheads mark the undulating membranes anlagen in the proter and the opisthe. (F) Ventral view of an early divider. Note that the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen are developing (arrow), the posterior part of the old adoral zone of membranelles is renewed (arrowhead), the vertical split of the undulating membranes anlage (double-arrowhead) in the proter. (G, H) Ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of a middle divider, arrow depicts newly formed frontoventral transverse cirri and arrowheads mark the leftmost frontal cirrus and the frontoventral cirri separated from the undulating membranes anlagen in both proter and opisthe. DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen. Scale bars = 75 μm (A–H).
Fig. 1. A–K in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)
Fig. 1. A–K. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. from life (A, G–K) and after protargol impregnation (B–F). Arrowhead in (A, B, E, G, H) marks the anterior body projection. A. Ventral view of a representative specimen. B, C, E, F. Ventral and dorsal view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus in holotype (B, C) and in a paratype (E, F) specimen. D. Semi-schematic diagram of a dorsal kinety. G, H. Shape variants. I. Cross section, showing three prominent dorsal ribs (arrows). J. Intracellular green algae contain a subapical red eyespot, starch granules, and a big chloroplast. K. Division of an intracellular green alga yields four tightly packed daughter cells. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; CH – chloroplast; DB – dorsal bristles; DK1–3 – dorsal kineties; DI – dorsal dikinetids; EM – endoral membrane; LMR – left marginal cirral row; MA – macronuclear nodules; MI – micronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; POR – postoral cirral row; R1–3 – ventral cirral rows; RMR – right marginal cirral row; SG – starch granules; ST – stigma. Scale bars: 20 µm (B, C, E, F) and 40 µm (A).
Figure 1 in First report of Epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) living in Brinkhurstia americanus (Oligochaeta: Alluroididae) in a Neotropical river
Figure 1. Brinkhurstia americanus. (A) Anterior ventral chaetae; (B) epibiont ciliates associated in the posterior region; and (C) epibiont ciliates. Scale bars: (A) and (B) 100 μm; (C) 10 μm.
Figure 1 in First record of Epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) associated with Dero digitata Müller, 1773 (Oligochaeta: Naididae) in Brazil
Figure 1. Dero digitata. (A) brachial fossa; (B) epibiont ciliates associated with the posterior region. Scale bars: (A) 100 Μm and (B) 10 Μm.
Fig. 1 in New records of one marine and two soil ciliates (Ciliophora: Intramacronucleata) from Korea
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of three ciliates based on live observations (A) and after protargol impregnation (B-E). A, B, Apogonostomum pantanalense, ventral view of live (A) and protargol impregnated (B) specimens, arrows indicate tail-like posterior end; C, D, Keronopsis polychaeta, ventral view of protargol impregnated specimen, arrowheads in (D) denote frontoventral rows; E, Frontonia canadensis, ventral view of protargol impregnated specimen. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; Co, frontal corona; EM, endoral membrane; FT, frontoterminal cirri; Ma, macronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PTC, pretransverse cirri; TC, transverse cirri; VK, vestibular kineties. Scale bars = 100 μm (A, C), 50 μm (B, E).
Fig. 6 in Worldwide sampling reveals low genetic variability in populations of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium biaurelia (P. aurelia species complex, Ciliophora, Protozoa)
Fig. 6 Map of sampling sit_s of Paramecium biaurelia strains coll_ct_d during fi_ld r_s_arch in th_ Kraków ar_a. a Kraków, "At th_ brickyard" pond, 1 sampling point. b Kraków, Zaczarowana Dorożka Park (pond), 2 sampling points. c Pi_skowa Skała (pond), 1 sampling point. d Kraków,
Fig. 5 in Worldwide sampling reveals low genetic variability in populations of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium biaurelia (P. aurelia species complex, Ciliophora, Protozoa)
Fig. 5 Haplotyp_ n_twork of Paramecium biaurelia construct_d using th_ 123 s_qu_nc_s of ribosomal ITS1- 5.8S-ITS2-5'LSU fragm_nts (a) and 139 of mitochondrial COI fragm_nts (b). Th_ n_twork pr_s_nts a comparison of haplotyp_s obtain_d in th_ Kraków ar_a vs. th_ oth_r localiti_s, wh_r_ mol_cular data for P. biaurelia is availabl_. Black dash_s on particular branch_s r_pr_s_nt nucl_otid_ substitutions b_tw__n particular haplotyp_s. Analys_s w_r_ conduct_d using th_ M_dian Joining m_thod in PopART softwar_ v. 1.7
Fig. 4 in Worldwide sampling reveals low genetic variability in populations of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium biaurelia (P. aurelia species complex, Ciliophora, Protozoa)
Fig. 4 Haplotyp_ n_twork of Paramecium biaurelia construct_d using th_ 123 s_qu_nc_s of ribosomal ITS1- 5.8S-ITS2-5'LSU fragm_nts (a) and 139 of mitochondrial COI fragm_nts (b). Th_ n_twork pr_s_nts r_ciprocal r_lationships b_tw__n, and th_ origin of P. biaurelia haplotyp_s id_ntifi_d in curr_nt study. Black dash_s on particular branch_s r_pr_s_nt nucl_otid_ substitutions b_tw__n particular haplotyp_s. Analys_s w_r_ conduct_d using th_ M_dian Joining m_thod in PopART softwar_ v. 1.7
Fig. 8 in New record of three oxytrichid ciliates (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae) from South Korea
Fig. 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from 18S rDNA sequences of Oxytrichidae ciliates. The phylogenetic trees show the position of three soil ciliates of Oxytricha lithofera (arrow), Pleurotricha curdsi (arrowhead) and Sterkiella tetracirrata (double-arrowhead). New sequences are shown in bold text. Numbers at nodes indicate the bootstrap values of ML and the posterior probability of BI. Nodes designated by an asterisk (*) correspond to the supports not recovered in the estimated BI tree. The scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
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