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854 results for “Disparity”
Data from: Disparities in influenza mortality and transmission related to sociodemographic factors within Chicago in the pandemic of 1918
Social factors have been shown to create differential burden of influenza across different geographic areas. We explored the relationship between potential aggregate-level social determinants and mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chicago using a historical dataset of 7,971 influenza and pneumonia deaths. Census tract-level social factors, including rates of illiteracy, homeownership, population, and unemployment, were assessed as predictors of pandemic mortality in Chicago. Poisson models fit with generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to estimate the association between social factors and the risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality. The Poisson model showed that influenza and pneumonia mortality increased, on average, by 32.2% for every 10% increase in illiteracy rate adjusted for population density, homeownership, unemployment, and age. We also found a significant association between transmissibility and population density, illiteracy, and unemployment but not homeownership. Lastly, analysis of the point locations of reported influenza and pneumonia deaths revealed fine-scale spatiotemporal clustering. This study shows that living in census tracts with higher illiteracy rates increased the risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chicago. Our observation that disparities in structural determinants of neighborhood-level health lead to disparities in influenza incidence in this pandemic suggests that disparities and their determinants should remain targets of research and control in future pandemics.
Data from: A new Pliosaurus species (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia: new insights on the Tithonian morphological disparity of mandibular symphyseal morphology
Abstract.—Most species of the genus Pliosaurus come from the Northern Hemisphere, however a growing number of new specimens are now available from the Southern Hemisphere. Here a new species of Pliosaurus is described, the second for the genus from the Southern Hemisphere, collected from the upper Tithonian (Jurassic) levels of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Province. Pliosaurus almanzai n. sp. is characterized by two autapomophies: angular participating in the mandibular symphysis and occipital condyle without a notochordal pit or several, irregularly-arranged grooves. Additionally P. almanzai can be differentiated from other Pliosaurus species by the following characters: trihedral teeth; nine or more symphyseal alveoli; 15-17 post symphyseal alveoli; and parasphenoid without ventral keel. Pliosaurus almanzai n. sp. shows that Pliosaurus species with nine or more 9 symphyseal alveoli persisted until the late Tithonian, contrary to previous assumptions that only species with six symphyseal alveoli were present.
Data from: Static dental disparity and morphological turnover in sharks across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
The Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) mass extinction profoundly altered vertebrate ecosystems and prompted the radiation of many extant clades [1, 2]. Sharks (Selachimorpha) were one of the few larger-bodied marine predators that survived the K–Pg event and are represented by an almost-continuous dental fossil record. However, the precise dynamics of their transition through this interval remain uncertain [3]. Here, we apply 2D geometric morphometrics to reconstruct global and regional dental morphospace variation among Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) and Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks). These clades are prevalent predators in today's oceans, and were geographically widespread during the late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene. Our results reveal a decoupling of morphological disparity and taxonomic richness. Indeed, shark disparity was nearly static across the K–Pg extinction, in contrast to abrupt declines among other higher-trophic-level marine predators [4, 5]. Nevertheless, specific patterns indicate that an asymmetric extinction occurred among lamniforms possessing low-crowned/triangular teeth and that a subsequent proliferation of carcharhiniforms with similar tooth morphologies took place during the early Paleocene. This compositional shift in post-Mesozoic shark lineages hints at a profound and persistent K–Pg signature evident in the heterogeneity of modern shark communities. Moreover, such wholesale lineage turnover coincided with the loss of many cephalopod [6] and pelagic amniote [5] groups, as well as the explosive radiation of middle trophic-level teleost fishes [1]. We hypothesize that a combination of prey availability and post-extinction trophic cascades favored extant shark antecedents and laid the foundation for their extensive diversification later in the Cenozoic [7, 8, 9, 10].
Data from: Parallels between two geographically and ecologically disparate cave invasions by the same species, Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda, Crustacea)
Caves are long-known examples of evolutionary replications where similar morphologies (troglomorphies) evolve independently as the result of strong natural selection of the extreme environment. Recently, this paradigm has been challenged based on observations that troglomorphies are inconsistent across taxa and different subterranean habitats. We investigated the degree of replicated phenotypic change in two independent cave invasions by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus; the first in a sulphidic aquifer in Romania, the second in a sinking river in the Dinaric Karst in Slovenia. Both ancestral surface populations still live alongside the subterranean ones. Phylogenetic analyses show independence of the two colonization events, and microsatellite analysis shows no evidence of ongoing genetic exchange between surface and subterranean ecomorphs. The overall morphology has changed dramatically at both sites (50 of 62 morphometric traits). The amount of phenotypic change did not reflect differences in genetic diversity between the two ancestral populations. Multivariate analyses revealed divergent evolution in caves, not parallel or convergent as predicted by the current paradigm. Still, 18 traits changed in a parallel fashion, including eye and pigment loss and antennal elongation. These changes might be a consequence of darkness as the only common ecological feature, because Romanian caves are chemoautotrophic and rich in food, whereas Slovenian caves are not. Overall, these results show that morphologically alike surface populations can diverge after invading different subterranean habitats, and that only about one-third of all changing traits behave as troglomorphies in the traditional sense.
Data from: Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species
Variation in thermal performance within and between populations provides the potential for adaptive responses to increasing temperatures associated with climate change. Organisms experiencing temperatures above their optimum on a thermal performance curve exhibit rapid declines in function and these supraoptimal temperatures can be a critical physiological component of range limits. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is one of the best-documented biological invasions and factors driving its spatial spread are of significant ecological and economic interest. The present study examines gypsy moth sourced from different latitudes across its North American range for sensitivity to high temperature in constant temperature growth chamber experiments. Supraoptimal temperatures result in higher mortality in northern populations compared with populations from the southern range extent (West Virginia and coastal plain of Virginia, U.S.A.). Sublethal effects of high temperature on traits associated with fitness, such as smaller pupal mass, are apparent in northern and West Virginia populations. Overall, the results indicate that populations near the southern limits of the range are less sensitive to high temperatures than northern populations from the established range. However, southern populations are lower performing overall, based on pupal mass and development time, relative to northern populations. This suggests that there may be a trade-off associated with decreased heat sensitivity in gypsy moth. Understanding how species adapt to thermal limits and possible fitness trade-offs of heat tolerance represents an important step toward predicting climatically driven changes in species ranges, which is a particularly critical consideration in conservation and invasion ecology.
Data from: Herbivorous dinosaur jaw disparity and its relationship to extrinsic evolutionary drivers
Morphological responses of nonmammalian herbivores to external ecological drivers have not been quantified over extended timescales. Herbivorous nonavian dinosaurs are an ideal group to test for such responses, because they dominated terrestrial ecosystems for more than 155 Myr and included the largest herbivores that ever existed. The radiation of dinosaurs was punctuated by several ecologically important events, including extinctions at the Triassic/Jurassic (Tr/J) and Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundaries, the decline of cycadophytes, and the origin of angiosperms, all of which may have had profound consequences for herbivore communities. Here we present the first analysis of morphological and biomechanical disparity for sauropodomorph and ornithischian dinosaurs in order to investigate patterns of jaw shape and function through time. We find that morphological and biomechanical mandibular disparity are decoupled: mandibular shape disparity follows taxonomic diversity, with a steady increase through the Mesozoic. By contrast, biomechanical disparity builds to a peak in the Late Jurassic that corresponds to increased functional variation among sauropods. The reduction in biomechanical disparity following this peak coincides with the J/K extinction, the associated loss of sauropod and stegosaur diversity, and the decline of cycadophytes. We find no specific correspondence between biomechanical disparity and the proliferation of angiosperms. Continual ecological and functional replacement of pre-existing taxa accounts for disparity patterns through much of the Cretaceous, with the exception of several unique groups, such as psittacosaurids that are never replaced in their biomechanical or morphological profiles.
Data from: Diversity and disparity through time in the adaptive radiation of Antarctic notothenioid fishes
According to theory, adaptive radiation is triggered by ecological opportunity that can arise through the colonization of new habitats, the extinction of antagonists or the origin of key innovations. In the course of an adaptive radiation, diversification and morphological evolution are expected to slow down after an initial phase of rapid adaptation to vacant ecological niches, followed by speciation. Such 'early bursts' of diversification are thought to occur because niche space becomes increasingly filled over time. The diversification of Antarctic notothenioid fishes into over 120 species has become one of the prime examples of adaptive radiation in the marine realm and has likely been triggered by an evolutionary key innovation in the form of the emergence of antifreeze glycoproteins. Here, we test, using a novel time-calibrated phylogeny of 49 species and five traits that characterize notothenioid body size and shape as well as buoyancy adaptations and habitat preferences, whether the notothenioid adaptive radiation is compatible with an early burst scenario. Extensive Bayesian model comparison shows that phylogenetic age estimates are highly dependent on model choice and that models with unlinked gene trees are generally better supported and result in younger age estimates. We find strong evidence for elevated diversification rates in Antarctic notothenioids compared to outgroups, yet no sign of rate heterogeneity in the course of the radiation, except that the notothenioid family Artedidraconidae appears to show secondarily elevated diversification rates. We further observe an early burst in trophic morphology, suggesting that the notothenioid radiation proceeds in stages similar to other prominent examples of adaptive radiation.
Data from: Early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta') may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts
The insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 million years ago. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder 'Symphyta,' which encompasses circa 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We used phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore drivers of diversity dynamics within the 'Symphyta,' with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes—and back—have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms, or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favored by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots exhibit signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
Data from: Decoupling of taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity during decline of the Cambrian trilobite family Pterocephaliidae
Though discordance between taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity is common, little is known about the underlying dynamics that drive this decoupling. Early in the history of the Cambrian trilobite family Pterocephaliidae, there was an increase in taxonomic diversity and morphological diversity. As taxonomic diversity declined in the later history of the clade, range of variation stayed high, and disparity continued to increase. However, per-branch rates of morphological evolution estimated from a recent phylogeny decreased with time. Neither within-trait nor within-species variation increased or decreased, suggesting that the declining rates of morphological evolution were more likely related to ecological opportunity or niche partitioning rather than increasing intrinsic constraints. This is further supported by evidence for increased biofacies associations throughout the time period. Thus the high disparity seen at low taxonomic diversity late in the history of this clade was due to extinction—either random or targeting mean forms—rather than increased rates of morphological evolution. This pattern also provides a scenario that could account for instances of low taxonomic diversity but high morphological disparity in modern groups.
Data from: Body shape diversity in Triassic‒Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety
Comprising Holostei and Teleostei, the ~32,000 species of neopterygian fishes are anatomically disparate and represent the dominant group of aquatic vertebrates today. However, the pattern by which teleosts rose to represent almost all of this diversity, while their holostean sister group dwindled to 8 extant species and two broad morphologies, is poorly constrained. A geometric morphometric approach was taken to generate a morphospace from over 400 fossil taxa, representing almost all articulated neopterygian taxa known from the first 150 million years—roughly 60%—of history (Triassic‒Early Cretaceous). Patterns of morphospace occupancy and disparity are examined in order to: assess evidence for a phenotypically 'dominant' holostean phase; evaluate whether expansions in teleost phenotypic variety are predominantly abrupt or gradual, including assessment of whether apomorphy-defined teleosts are as morphologically conservative as typically assumed; compare diversification in crown and stem teleosts. The systematic affinities of dapediiforms and pycnodontiforms, two extinct neopterygian clades of uncertain phylogenetic placement, significantly impact patterns of morphological diversification. For instance, alternative placements dictate whether or not holosteans possessed statistically higher disparity than teleosts in the Late Triassic and Jurassic. Despite this ambiguity, all scenarios agree that holosteans do not exhibit a decline in disparity during the Early Triassic‒Early Cretaceous interval, but instead maintain their Toarcian‒Callovian variety until the end of the Early Cretaceous without substantial further expansions. After a conservative Induan‒Carnian phase, teleosts colonize (and persistently occupy) novel regions of morphospace in a predominantly gradual manner until the Hauterivian, after which expansions are rare. Furthermore, apomorphy-defined teleosts possess greater phenotypic variety than typically assumed. Comparison of crown and stem teleost partial disparity indicates that, despite substantial expansion in crown teleosts between the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, stem teleosts remained important long-term contributors to overall teleost disparity during this time.
Data from: Geo-clustered chronic affinity: pathways from socio-economic disadvantages to health disparities
Objective: Our objective was to develop and test a new concept (affinity) analogous to multimorbidity of chronic conditions for individuals at census tract level in Memphis, TN. The use of affinity will improve the surveillance of multiple chronic conditions and facilitate the design of effective interventions. Methods: We used publicly available chronic condition data (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities project), socio-demographic data (U.S. Census Bureau) and demographics data (Environmental Systems Research Institute; ESRI). We examined the geographic pattern of the affinity of chronic conditions using global Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi statistics and its association with socio-economic disadvantage (poverty, unemployment, and crime) using robust regression models. We also used the most common behavioral factor, smoking, and other demographic factors (percent of the male population, percent of the population 67 years and over and total population size) as control variables in the model. Results: A geo-distinctive pattern of clustered chronic affinity associated with socio-economic deprivation was observed. Statistical results confirmed that neighborhoods with higher rates of crime, poverty, and unemployment were associated with an increased likelihood of having a higher affinity among major chronic conditions. With the inclusion of smoking in the model, however, only the crime prevalence was statistically significantly associated with the chronic affinity. Conclusion: Chronic affinity disadvantages were disproportionately accumulated in socially disadvantaged areas. We showed links between commonly co-observed chronic diseases at the population level and systematically explored the complexity of affinity and socio-economic disparities. Our affinity score, based on publicly available datasets, served as a surrogate for multimorbidity at the population level, which may assist policymakers and public health planners to identify urgent hot spots for chronic disease and allocate clinical, medical and healthcare resources efficiently.
Data from: Disparity in preemptive end-of-life conversation experience caused by subjective economic status among general Japanese elderly people: a cross-sectional study with stratified random sampling
Objectives: Preemptive conversations (PCs) about end-of-life (EOL) preferences are beneficial for both elderly people and their families to understand and share the preferences. However, the factors which promote/inhibit PCs have yet to be clarified. We therefore aimed to determine the factors related to having PCs with hypothesis that age, subjective economic status and subjective health status are associated with having PC experience. Design: A cross-sectional study administering a questionnaire and using stratified random sampling by gender and region. Setting: Residents aged 65 years or older who were not receiving nursing care as of November 1, 2016, were extracted from the Japanese long-term care insurance system registry in Koriyama City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Participants: 1,575 participants (717 males and 858 females). Outcome: Presence or absence of PC experience with family or friends (yes/no). Results: The mean age of the participants was 74.0 years. A multivariable logistic-regression analysis revealed that having PC experience was significantly associated with gender (OR = 1.907; 95% CI = 1.556, 2.337; p < 0.001), subjective economic status (OR = 0.832; 95% CI = 0.716, 0.966; p=0.016), and subjective happiness (OR = 0.926; 95% CI = 0.880, 0.973; p=0.003). Conclusions: Poor subjective economic status of elderly people may result in absence of EOL conversation experience with their families and friends, hindering the elderly from sharing and understanding the EOL preferences. To promote PCs about EOL, gerontology and public health professionals should give special consideration to the subjective economic status of elderly people.
Data from: Do different disparity proxies converge on a common signal? Insights from the cranial morphometrics and evolutionary history of Pterosauria (Diapsida: Archosauria)
Disparity, or morphological diversity, is often quantified by evolutionary biologists investigating the macroevolutionary history of clades over geological timescales. Disparity is typically quantified using proxies for morphology, such as measurements, discrete anatomical characters, or geometric morphometrics. If different proxies produce differing results, then the accurate quantification of disparity in deep time may be problematic. However, despite this, few studies have attempted to examine disparity of a single clade using multiple morphological proxies. Here, as a case study for this question, we examine the disparity of the volant Mesozoic fossil reptile clade Pterosauria, an intensively studied group that achieved substantial morphological, ecological, and taxonomic diversity during their 145+ million year evolutionary history. We characterise broadscale patterns of cranial morphological disparity for pterosaurs for the first time using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and make comparisons to calculations of pterosaur disparity based on alternative metrics. Landmark-based disparity calculations suggest that monofenestratan pterosaurs were more diverse cranially than basal non-monofenestratan pterosaurs (at least when the aberrant anurognathids are excluded), and that peak cranial disparity may have occurred in the Early Cretaceous, relatively late in pterosaur evolution. Significantly, our cranial disparity results are broadly congruent with those based on whole skeleton discrete character and limb proportion datasets, indicating that these divergent approaches document a consistent pattern of pterosaur morphological evolution. Therefore, pterosaurs provide an exemplar case demonstrating that different proxies for morphological form can converge on the same disparity signal, which is encouraging because often only one such proxy is available for extinct clades represented by fossils. Furthermore, mapping phylogeny into cranial morphospace demonstrates that pterosaur cranial morphology is significantly correlated with, and potentially constrained by, phylogenetic relationships.
Photo 2. Sandy forest stream near Moyabi, Gabon. Habitat of Umma gumma, Paragomphus dispar and Trithemis legrandi. Photo: JK (24-ix-2013). In: Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata)
<p>uploaded for Odonatologica by Plazi</p>
FIGURES 2–7. Aethaloptera dispar Brauer, 1875 in First report of Aethaloptera dispar Brauer 1875 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from IleIfe, southwestern Nigeria, West Africa
FIGURES 2–7. Aethaloptera dispar Brauer, 1875 (larva and adult female). 2, Anterior region of head of larva, dorsal view. 3, Larval pronotum, dorsal view. 4, Left foreleg of larva, dorsal view. 5, Tibia and tarsus of midleg of larva, dorsal view. 6, IXth sternite and proleg of larva, ventral view. 7, Adult female midleg showing preapical and apical tibial spurs.
FIGURES 36–41. Archaeoteleia dispar n in Revision of Archaeoteleia Masner (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea, Scelionidae)
FIGURES 36–41. Archaeoteleia dispar n.sp. 36, Lateral habitus, paratype female (OSUC 146494); 37, dorsal habitus, paratype female (OSUC 146494); 38, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 146499); 39, dorsal habitus, paratype male (OSUC 146499); 40, head, frontal view, paratype female (OSUC 146494); head, frontal view, paratype male (OSUC 146499). Scale bars in millimeters.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives
FIGURE 3. Phylogram of relationships between species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 and the other cryptogonimid taxa included based on Bayesian inference analysis of the combined ITS (includes partial ITS1 and complete 5.8S and ITS2) and LSU rDNA dataset. Posterior probabilities are shown above the nodes and bootstrap support values shown below. Phylogram is midpoint rooted.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives
FIGURE 4. Phylogram of relationships between species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (including the two putative species A and B from metacercariae obtained from the flesh of species of Blenniidae, Pomacentridae and Tetraodontidae off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef) and the other cryptogonimid taxa included based on minimum evolution analysis of the ITS2 rDNA dataset. Bootstrap values are indicated at the nodes. Phylogram is midpoint rooted.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives
FIGURE 2. Lobosorchis tibaldiae Miller & Cribb, 2005 metacercaria from the flesh of Neoglyphidodon melas off Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Scale Bar = 200 µm.
FIGURE 1. Lobosorchis polygongylus n in Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives
FIGURE 1. Lobosorchis polygongylus n. sp. from the intestine of Lutjanus gibbus off Rasdhoo Atoll, Maldives. Ventral view of holotype. Scale bar = 200 µm.
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