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565 results for “ESCAPE”
Data from: 'Escaping' the X chromosome leads to increased gene expression in the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster
Genomic analyses of Drosophila species suggest that the X chromosome presents an unfavourable environment for the expression of genes in the male germline. A previous study in D. melanogaster used a reporter gene driven by a testis-specific promoter to show that expression was greatly reduced when the gene was inserted onto the X chromosome as compared with the autosomes. However, a limitation of this study was that only the expression regulated by a single, autosomal-derived promoter was investigated. To test for an increase in expression associated with 'escaping' the X chromosome, we analysed reporter gene expression driven by the promoters of three X-linked, testis-expressed genes (CG10920, CG12681 and CG1314) that were inserted randomly throughout the D. melanogaster genome. In all cases, insertions on the autosomes showed significantly higher expression than those on the X chromosome. Thus, even genes whose regulation has adapted to the X-chromosomal environment show increased male germline expression when relocated to an autosome. Our results provide direct experimental evidence for the suppression of X-linked gene expression in the Drosophila male germline that is independent of gene dose.
Data from: The interaction between suction feeding performance and prey escape response determines feeding success in larval fish
The survival of larval marine fishes during early development depends on their ability to capture prey. Most larval fish capture prey by expanding their mouth, generating a suction flow that draws the prey into it. These larvae dwell in a hydrodynamic regime of intermediate Reynolds numbers, shown to impede their ability to capture non-evasive prey. However, the marine environment is characterized by an abundance of evasive prey, such as Copepods. These organisms sense the hydrodynamic disturbance created by approaching predators and perform high-acceleration escape maneuvers. Using a 3D high-speed video system, we characterized the interaction between Sparus aurata larvae and prey from a natural zooplankton assemblage that contained evasive prey, and assessed the factors that determine the outcome of these interactions. 8-33 day post hatching larvae preferentially attacked large prey that was moving prior to the initialization of the strike, however feeding success was lower for larger, more evasive prey. Thus, larvae were challenged in capturing their preferred prey. Larval feeding success increased with increasing Reynolds numbers, but decreased sharply when the prey performed an escape maneuver. The kinematics of successful strikes resulted in a shorter response time but higher hydrodynamic signature available for the prey, suggesting that strike success in our experiments was determined by brevity rather than stealth, i.e. executing a fast strike eliminated a potential escape response by the prey. Our observations of prey selectivity as it happens, reveal that larval performance, rather than preferences, determines their diet during early development.
Data from: Mandible-powered escape jumps in trap-jaw ants increase survival rates during predator-prey encounters
Animals use a variety of escape mechanisms to increase the probability of surviving predatory attacks. Antipredator defenses can be elaborate, making their evolutionary origin unclear. Trap-jaw ants are known for their rapid and powerful predatory mandible strikes, and some species have been observed to direct those strikes at the substrate, thereby launching themselves into the air away from a potential threat. This potential escape mechanism has never been examined in a natural context. We studied the use of mandible-powered jumping in Odontomachus brunneus during their interactions with a common ant predator: pit-building antlions. We observed that while trap-jaw ant workers escaped from antlion pits by running in about half of interactions, in 15% of interactions they escaped by mandible-powered jumping. To test whether escape jumps improved individual survival, we experimentally prevented workers from jumping and measured their escape rate. Workers with unrestrained mandibles escaped from antlion pits significantly more frequently than workers with restrained mandibles. Our results indicate that some trap-jaw ant species can use mandible-powered jumps to escape from common predators. These results also provide a charismatic example of evolutionary co-option, where a trait that evolved for one function (predation) has been co-opted for another (defense).
Data from: Changing the habitat: the evolution of inter-correlated traits to escape from predators
Burst escape speed is an effective and widely used behaviour for evading predators, with burst escape speed relying on several different morphological features. However, we know little about how behavioural and underlying morphological attributes change in concert as a response to changes in selective predation regime. We studied inter-correlated trait differentiation of body shape and burst-swim-mediating morphology in response to a habitat shift related reduction in burst escape speed using larvae of the dragonfly genus Leucorrhinia. Species in this genus underwent a well-known habitat shift from predatory fish lakes (fish-lakes) to predatory fish free lakes dominated by large predatory dragonflies (dragonfly-lakes) accompanied by relaxed selection on escape burst speed. Results revealed that species from fish-lakes that possess faster burst speed have evolved a suite of functionally inter-correlated traits, expressing a wider abdomen, a higher abdominal muscles mass and a larger branchial chamber compared to species from dragonfly-lakes. In contrast, populations within species did not show significant differences in muscle mass and branchial chamber size between lakes types in three of the species. High multi-collinearity among variables suggests that traits have evolved in concert rather than independently when Leucorrhinia shifted from fish lakes to dragonfly lakes. Thus, relaxed selection on burst escape speed in dragonfly-lake species resulted in a correlated reduction of abdominal muscles and a smaller branchial chamber, likely to save production and/or maintenance costs. Our results highlight the importance of studying integrated behavioural and morphological traits to fully understand the evolution of complex phenotypes.
Data from: Escape from the cryptic species trap: lichen evolution on both sides of a cyanobacterial acquisition event
Large, architecturally complex lichen symbioses arose only a few times in evolution, increasing thallus size by orders of magnitude over those from which they evolved. The innovations that enabled symbiotic assemblages to acquire and maintain large sizes are unknown. We mapped morphometric data against an eight-locus fungal phylogeny across one of the best-sampled thallus size transition events, the origins of the Placopsis lichen symbiosis, and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in size differences. Thallus thickness increased by >150% and fruiting body core volume increased ninefold on average after acquisition of cyanobacteria. Volume of cyanobacteria-containing structures (cephalodia), once acquired, correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed-effects analyses. Our results suggest that the availability of nitrogen is an important factor in the formation of large thalli. Cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as acidic, rain-washed rock surfaces. In the case of the Placopsis fungal symbiont, this has led to an adaptive radiation of more than 60 recognized species from related crustose members of the genus Trapelia. Our data suggest that precyanobacterial symbiotic lineages were constrained to forming a narrow range of phenotypes, so-called cryptic species, leading systematists until now to recognize only six of the 13 species clusters we identified in Trapelia.
Data from: Initiation and spread of escape waves within animal groups
The exceptional reactivity of animal collectives to predatory attacks is thought to be owing to rapid, but local, transfer of information between group members. These groups turn together in unison and produce escape waves. However, it is not clear how escape waves are created from local interactions, nor is it understood how these patterns are shaped by natural selection. By startling schools of fish with a simulated attack in an experimental arena, we demonstrate that changes in the direction and speed by a small percentage of individuals that detect the danger initiate an escape wave. This escape wave consists of a densely packed band of individuals that causes other school members to change direction. In the majority of cases, this wave passes through the entire group. We use a simulation model to demonstrate that this mechanism can, through local interactions alone, produce arbitrarily large escape waves. In the model, when we set the group density to that seen in real fish schools, we find that the risk to the members at the edge of the group is roughly equal to the risk of those within the group. Our experiments and modelling results provide a plausible explanation for how escape waves propagate in nature without centralized control.
Data from: Pleiotropic effects of juvenile hormone in ant queens and the escape from the reproduction-immunocompetence trade-off
The ubiquitous trade-off between survival and costly reproduction is one of the most fundamental constraints governing life-history evolution. In numerous animals, gonadotropic hormones antagonistically suppressing immunocompetence cause this trade-off. The queens of many social insects defy the reproduction-survival trade-off, achieving both an extraordinarily long life and high reproductive output, but how they achieve this is unknown. Here we show experimentally, by integrating quantification of gene expression, physiology and behaviour, that the long-lived queens of the ant Lasius niger have escaped the reproduction-immunocompetence trade-off by decoupling the effects of a key endocrine regulator of fertility and immunocompetence in solitary insects, juvenile hormone (JH). This modification of the regulatory architecture enables queens to sustain a high reproductive output without elevated JH titres and suppressed immunocompetence, providing an escape from the reproduction-immunocompetence trade-off that may contribute to the extraordinary lifespan of many social insect queens.
Data from: Carrying a logger reduces escape flight speed in a passerine bird, but relative logger mass may be a misleading measure of this flight performance detriment
1. The recent boost in bird migration studies following the development of various tracking devices raised awareness of how detrimental attaching devices can be for animals. Such effects can occur during migration, but also immediately post-release if the device impairs escape flight performance and, consequently, the bird's ability to evade predators. 2. In this study, we investigated the effect of carrying a device on the escape flight speed and aerodynamic force production in a migratory passerine. We recorded upward-directed escape flights of 15 male blackcaps. Each individual was tested without a tag, and when equipped with three different leg-loop dummy tags with masses representing around 3%, 5% and 7% of their body mass. The experiment was designed such that all individuals passed through all treatments in a randomized order. 3. We found that two factors affected flight speed in roughly equal amounts: first, tagged escape flights had lower flight speeds compared to the control flights, irrespective of tag mass. Second, we found an effect of the total mass, i.e. the sum of the masses of the individual bird and of the tag, with heavier birds being slower. In contrast, flight speed was not correlated with relative tag mass in percentage of body mass, the metric commonly used in ethical guidelines for tag attachment. Aerodynamic flight force production also depended on total mass, with heavier birds producing higher forces. But these flight forces did not differ between flights with or without a tag. 4. We conclude that, when tagging birds, it is misleading to choose heavy individuals for tagging in order to minimize the tag mass as a percentage of body mass. This is particularly relevant in species for which body mass is not necessarily related to size, like migratory birds that accumulate large fat reserves. The lower escape speed in "tagged" flights could not be explained by differences in net flight force production, because these did not differ between flights with and without a tag. This suggests that the tag also affected pre-flight take-off dynamics, possibly due to a leg harness-induced reduction in leg push-off performance.
Fig 3 from: Kuga T, Kasuya E (2024) Factors related to sound production by the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea during escape. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.100865
Fig 3 Observed number of male A. cinerea that escaped by flying in all three consecutive escape attempts. The horizontal axis shows the production of sound (N = No; Y = Yes) in three consecutive escape attempts in the order they took place. For example, YYN indicates that the grasshopper produced sounds in the first and second escape attempts but did not produce sound in the third attempt.
Fig 2 from: Kuga T, Kasuya E (2024) Factors related to sound production by the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea during escape. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.100865
Fig 2 Relationships between sound production and DF or FID in the first (A, B), second (C, D), and third (E, F) escape attempts. Data on the first attempt (A, B) were obtained from males that flew in the first attempt. Data for the second (C, D) and third (E, F) attempts were obtained from males that flew in all three consecutive escape attempts. The number of observed individuals is shown in parentheses. The centerline, lower edge, and upper edge of the box indicate the median, first quantile, and third quantile, respectively. The bottom of the lower whisker is the minimum value that is not lower than the first quantile minus 1.5 times the interquartile range. The top of the upper whisker is the maximum value that is not higher than the third quantile plus 1.5 times the interquartile range. The data points that are not contained in the box-and-whisker plot are represented as open circles.
Supplementary material 1 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
DarwinCore
Supplementary material 3 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Trace over trees
Supplementary material 2 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Matrix
Figure 5 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Figure 5 Fifty per cent majority rules consensus tree from a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 51 morphological characters. Posterior probabilities (PP) are given to the left of the corresponding node. Nodes colored based on support: PP ≥ 0.90 black; PP 0.80–0.89 grey; PP < 0.80 white.
Figure 4 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Figure 4 Diagnostic characters for XanthopygusA abdominal sternites 7–8 of Xanthopygus skalitzkyi (Bernhauer) B abdominal sternites 7–8 of Xanthopygus viridipennis Sharp, arrow points to the porose structure C abdominal sternites 5–7 of Xanthopygus giganeus (Bernhauer), arrow points to the anterior transverse lines D abdominal tergites 3–8 of Xanthopygus cognatus Sharp, arrow points to arch-like carina on tergite 3 E lateral view of the aedeagus of Xanthopygus faustus (Erichson), arrow points to the serrated apical carina F lateral view of the aedeagus of Xanthopygus dimidiatus Bernhauer, arrow points to the hook-like carina. Not to scale.
Figure 3 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Figure 3 Diagnostic characters for XanthopygusA metepimeron (mep) and metepisternum (mes) of Xanthopygus mirabilis (Erichson) B metepimeron (mep) and metepisternum (mes) of Xenopygus analis (Erichson) C metacoxae of Xanthopygus mirabilis (Erichson), arrow points to spines D metacoxae of Triacrus dilatus Nordmann, arrow points to spines E Metatarsus of Xanthopygus xanthopygus (Nordmann) F metatarsus of Xanthopygus flohri Sharp G metafemur of Xanthopygus skalitzkyi (Bernhauer), showing crenulate surface. Not to scale.
Figure 2 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Figure 2 Diagnostic characters for XanthopygusA pronotal hypomeron of Xanthopygus skalitzkyi (Bernhauer) B pronotal hypomeron of Xanthopygus xanthopygus (Nordmann) C mesoscutellum of Xanthopygus cognatus Sharp D mesoscutellum of Xanthopygus mirabilis (Erichson) E mesoventrite of Xanthopygus mirabilis (Erichson), arrow points to intercoxal process F mesoventrite of Xanthopygus xanthopygus (Nordmann), arrow points to intercoxal process. Not to scale.
Figure 1 from: Chatzimanolis S (2021) Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly. ZooKeys 1071: 83-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.75947
Figure 1 Habitus photographs of species of Xanthopygus sensu Herman 2001AXanthopygus calidus (Er.) BXanthopygus chapareanus Scheerpeltz CXanthopygus dimidiatus Bernhauer. Species A–C are transferred to Photinopygus gen. nov. DXanthopygus giganteus (Bernhauer) EXanthopygus xanthopygus (Nordmann) FXanthopygus skalitzkyi (Bernhauer), transferred to Styngetus. Scale bars: 1.8 mm (A); 1.7 mm (B) 1.8 mm (C); 3.8 mm (D); 3.0 mm (E); 2.0 mm (F).
Cold-water species deepen to escape warm water temperatures
<p><span><b>Aim. </b>Whether marine species can respond to ocean warming by changing their depth remains controversial. While some evidence suggests that species can deepen to cope with warming climates, other studies found ecologically constrained depth distributions. Our study focuses on generalizing species depth response to warming, and elucidating whether some species display larger depth change than others. This may help in understanding the future distribution of marine species and communities. </span></p> <p><b>Location</b>. The Mediterranean Sea</p> <p><b>Time period</b>. 1985-2017</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied</b>. Fish, malacostracans, and cephalopods</p> <p><b>Methods</b>. We compiled species depth records from bottom-trawl surveys encompassing 236 marine species across the steep climatic gradient of the Mediterranean Sea. This data, represents the largest assessment, to date, of the potential of species to modify their depth distribution in response to spatially-varying climate. Using environmental variables (e.g. sea surface temperature, bottom temperature, and salinity) we elucidate species depth change across different climatic gradients. We then test whether species traits (e.g. thermal preference, depth affinity, and taxonomic relation) explain the variation in depth-response.</p> <p><b>Results</b>. We revealed a significant deepening of minimum depths (shallow depth limits) with increasing sea temperatures across the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, we show that this deepening is uneven among species, as cold-water species, and eurytherms, deepen more than warm-water species, and stenotherms. In addition, deep-water species deepen more than shallow-water species. We also find surprising changes towards shallower maximal depths (deep depth limits) with warming, but this pattern was not entirely supported by our sensitivity analyses.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>. These large changes across the Mediterranean Sea imply that progressively warmer oceans will compress the vertical distribution of marine organisms. However, as different species will respond differentially, the future vertical distribution of marine communities will change in complex ways.</p>
Impact of solar wind density and velocity variation on Martian magnetosphere and ion escape process
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