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Fig. 3. 3D in Echinoderes galadrielae Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. 3D renderings of Smilosicyopus leprurus in (a) latera and (b) front views as well as Sicyopus zosterophorum in (c) lateral and (d) front views. Abbrevations: ART for anguloarticular; D for dentary; EPT for ectopterygoid; ME for mesethmoid; MPT for metapterygoid; M for maxilla; PAL for palatine; PM for premaxilla; Q for quadrate; SYM for symplectic; alp for anterior lateral process; amp for anterior media process; ap for ascending process.

Fig. 10 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 10. Dorsal view of embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis (stages. 19-30). (A-E) Morphological characteristics of embryos for stages 19-30 are illustrated in Table 1. st: stage. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 9 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 9. Morphological changes of the internal yolk sac during late embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis. (A) The internal yolk sac of the embryo starts to develop at stage 20. (B) Two small Y-shaped buds protrude laterally from the back of the statocysts at stage 21. (C) Two apparent internal yolk pouches elongate backwards at stage 22. Arrow: gill. (D) Strong and enlarged internal yolk sac are like two thumb-shapes at stage 23. (E) Two laterally strong and enlarged internal yolk pouches meet together in the posterior at stage 24. (F) The internal yolk storage looks like an inverted shield with a can-shaped base and a triangle chief at stage 25. Increments of cuttlebone accumulate above the internal yolk storage. Red dashed circle: internal yolk sac. st: stage. Scale bar = 500 nm.

Fig. 8 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 8. Morphological characteristics of eye development of Sepia pharaonis. (A) Annular optic sac (arrow) is translucent (st. 19). (B) The iris diaphragm (arrow) in the center of the optic sac starts to develop (st. 20). (C) The bean-shaped lens (arrowhead) and the iris (arrow) form (st. 21). (D) A thinly pigmented annular ring (arrow) is present (st. 22). (E) Corneal tissues (arrow) proceed to cover eyes where pigmentation of the retina continues (st. 23). (F) Retina is intensely pigmented, and the cornea (arrow) develops to cover the eyes (st. 24). Inset is the close-up of the cornea layer of the embryo fixed in Bouin's solution. (G) The eyes are enclosed by cornea and become opaque and dark-red (st. 25). Inset is the close-up of the cornea layer of the embryo fixed in Bouin's solution. (H) Lens protrude out toward the orbit, and the eyes appear totally dark (st. 26). Inset is the close-up of the cornea structure of the embryo fixed in Bouin's solution. It is a preliminary form of the W-shaped eye structure. st: stage. Scale bar = 250 nm.

Fig. 5 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 5. Cell cleavages of embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis. The numerals beside the furrows indicate the successive order of cleavage, except those after the fifth step for simplicity. All of the images were taken from live embryos under the microscope, except that the inset of (J) (A- J) Morphological characteristics of embryos for stages 1-11 are illustrated in table 1. Asterisk in (E) and (G) represents the two independent blastomeres and a clear and empty zone, respectively. Inset in (J) is a direct view of a sunflower-shaped blastodisc with the homogenous blastomeres at central circle and the radial blastcones at margin at the animal pole of the embryo. st: stage. Scale bar = 300 nm.

Fig. 4 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Schematic profiles of embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis. Views from the animal pole of the embryos are shown from stages 1 to 17 and dorsal views from stages 18 to 30. st: stage.

Fig. 2 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 2. Sperm competition of Sepia pharaonis. (A) A paired large male, with body size advantage, shelters a female. (B-C). A large lone male challenges the paired male and drives it away. Red arrow: large lone male; Red arrowhead: paired male; White arrow: paired female. (D) A small male gets an opportunity to pair and mate (inset) with a female.

Fig. 3 in Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Characteristics of ova and eggs reproduced by Sepia pharaonis. (A) Ovulated ova were accumulated in the germinal sac and arrayed in the oviduct. Arrow: oviduct; Red arrowhead: oviductal gland. Gs: germinal sac. (B) At the beginning of spawning, all females laid eggs simultaneously. (C) Individually pear-shaped eggs were deposited and attached on the coral reef stone. Intertwining egg stalks resulted from the dispersed current by females depositing eggs. Inset is a small egg cluster on the coral reef stone. (D) A successfully spawned egg capsule in which the fertilized ovum, approximately 6 mm in length on the long axis and 5 mm in length on the short axis, is encapsulated by mucosubstance secreted by the nidamental glands of the female and is translucent in appearance. The sharp end (arrow) of the fertilized ovum is the animal pole, and the blunt end is the vegetal pole (arrow head). Scale bar = 7 mm. (E) Unsuccessfully encapsulated eggs in which the posterior end opposite the egg stalk was open (arrowhead) and the ovum was exposed (arrow) were easily attacked by small crustaceans like amphipods (red circle in F) in the aquarium.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 10. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., last juvenile stage moulting to female, ZMB 12267, dorsal view (A, B) and optical section (C). A. Segments 7–10. B, C. Segments 10 and 11. Abbreviations: co, sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10; fe, refers to female character; juv, refers to character of last juvenile stage; las, lateral accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; mds, middorsal spine; ps, postmarginal spicula; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; slt, sublateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads in A mark papillate sensory spots. Scale bar in A 50 µm. Scale bar in B 30 µm, valid for B and C.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 7. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., female, ZMB 12271 (A–E) and ZMB 12349 (F), right side (A–D) and dorsal view (E, F), SEM. A. Segments 1–3. B. Segments 4–6. C. Segments 7–8. D. Segments 9–11. E. Segments 10 and 11. F. Fringe of sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10. Abbreviations: co, fringe of sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10; gc1, type-1 gland cell outlet; hr, trunk cuticular hair; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; mds, middorsal spine; pf, primary pectinate fringe; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube (lost on segment 2); sf, secondary pectinate fringe; slt, sublateral to midlateral tube; te, tergal extension. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Scale bar in A–E 10 μm. Scale bar in F 5 µm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 6. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., female, ZMB 12271 (A, C) and ZMB 12272 (B), in laterodorsal (A), ventral (B), and dorsal-right (C) view, SEM. A. Habitus. B. Mouth cone. White arrow points to bifurcated tip of posterior spinose process. C. Two neighbouring introvert sector. Abbreviations: asp, anterior spinose process; in, introvert; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mc, mouth cone; mds, middorsal spine; oos, outer oral style; psc, primary spinoscalid; psp, posterior spinose process; s, segment; sc, spinoscalid; slt, sublateral tube; tr, trichoscalid. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment (A) or introvert ring number (C). Scale bar in A 100 μm. Scale bar in B and C 10 μm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 5. Female specimens of species of Echinoderes, dorsal view (A, B, H, I, L–N), lateral view (C, K), and optical section (D–G, J), DIC. A–E. Echinoderes goku sp. nov. A, B. paratype ZMB 12335, segments 1–5 (A) and 6–9 (B). C. Paratype ZMB 12344, segments 2–7. D, E. Paratypes ZMB 12342 (D) and ZMB 12264 (E), segments 10 and 11 (D) and 10 (E). F–N. Segments 10 and 11. F, G. Echinoderes capitatus, ZMB 11913 (F) and 11921 (G). H, I. Echinoderes meteorensis, paratypes ZMB 11571b (H) and ZMB 11572b (I). J. Echinoderes unispinosus, paratype ZMB 11589b. K, L. Echinoderes apex, holotype ZMB 11561, paratype ZMB 11562a. M. Echinoderes ferrugineus, ZMB 11929. N. Echinoderes pilosus, paralectotype SMNH 9256; black arrow marks cuticular sheath around tube. Abbreviations: co, female-specific sublateral, subcuticular conical structure; gc1, type-1 gland cell outlet; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral tube; sph, laterodorsal subcuticular spherical structure; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. White arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in B 50 μm, valid for A–C. Scale bar in D 20 µm, valid for D–M. Scale bar in N 20 µm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 2. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes goku sp. nov., A, B, male holotype (MACN-In 43755), C, D, female paratype (MACN-In 43756b). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C, D. Segments 10 and 11, dorsal (C) and ventral view (D). Placids illustrated as appearing in SEM. Sublateral structures often hidden by the neighbouring body cuticle in the more or less dorsoventral mount and often only illustrated for one side. Abbreviations: co, female-specific, subcuticular conical structure; hr, cuticular hair; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgc, middorsal gland cell outlet; mds, middorsal spine; pa, pachycycli; pe, penile spine; pl, placid; pvp, paraventral patch of cuticular hairs; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral to midlateral tube; te, tergal extension; vlp, ventrolateral to paraventral patch of cuticular hairs; vlt, ventrolateral tube; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Scale bar: 100 μm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 3. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male paratype ZMB 12334 (A, C), juvenile non-type ZMB 12347 (B, D), and male holotype MACN-In 43755 (E–J), in ventral (A), lateral (B, D), and dorsal view (C, E–J), DIC. A–D. Habitus of specimens infected with fungus before (A, B) and after treatment with formaldehyde for two weeks (C, D). E. Segments 1–5. F, J. Segments 6–9 at different focal levels. G–I. Segments 10 (G), 10 and 11 (H), and 11 (I) at different focal levels. Abbreviations: fu, fungus; hr, trunk cuticular hair; mds, middorsal spine; pa, pachycycli; pl, placid; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in D 100 μm, valid for A–D. Scale bar in F 50 µm, valid for E–J.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 9. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., last juvenile stage moulting to female, ZMB 12267, ventral (B–E), optical section (A, F), and dorsal side (G, H). A. Habitus. B. Segments 1–4. C, D. Segments 5–8 at different focal levels showing aspects of the juvenile (C) and adult (D) cuticle. E. Segments 8–11. F. Segments 9–11. G. Segments 1–4. H. Segments 4–7. Abbreviations: bs, button-like structures; fe, refers to female character; juv, refers to character of last juvenile stage; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; mv, midventral articulation of sternal plates; mvpl, midventral placid; ps, postmarginal spicula; s, segment; vlt, ventrolateral spine. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Scale bar in A 100 µm. Scale bar in F 50 µm, valid for B–H.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 8. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male (ZMB 12350, A) and female (ZMB 12271, B–F), right side (A) and ventral view (B–F), SEM. A. Segment 11 with penile spines. B. Segments 10–11. C. Segments 1–3. D. Segments 4–6. E. Segments 7 and 8. F. Segment 9–11. Abbreviations: dv, attachment site of dorsoventral muscle; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; peb, broad penile spine; pet, tubular penile spine; pf, primary pectinate fringe; pvp, paraventral patch of short cuticular hairs; s, segment; sf, secondary pectinate fringe; te, tergal extension; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Scale bar in A–F 10 μm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 4. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male holotype MACN-In 43755 (A–C), male paratype ZMB 12318 (D, F–H) and female paratypes ZMB 12337 (E), ZMB 12265 (I, K), and MACN-In 43756b (J), ventral view (A–E, I, K), dorsal view (F–H), and optical section (J), extended focus image from four images (D, K), DIC. A. Segments 1–6. B. Segments 7–10. C. Segments 9–11. D. Segments 1–4. E. Segment 10. F–H. Segments 10 and 11 at different focal levels. I, J. Segments 8–11. K. Mouth cone with outer oral styles. Abbreviations: bs, button-like structures; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mvpl, midventral placid; oos, outer oral style; ov, ovarium with egg; pa, pachycycli; peb, broad penile spine; pet, tubular penile spine; pvp, paraventral patch of short cuticular hairs; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; slt, sublateral tube; te, tergal extension; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in B 50 μm, valid for A–D, I, J. Scale bar in G 50 µm, valid for F, G. Scale bar in H 20 µm. Scale bar in K 30 µm, valid for E, K.

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FIGURE 11 in New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Mediterranean seamounts and from the deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including notes on two undescribed species

FIGURE 11. Echinoderes sp. 1, Nomarski photomicrographs of a female specimen (ZMB 11593). A, neck and segments 1–9, ventral view; B, segments 1–8, dorsal view; C, neck and segment 1, ventral view, focusing on left midlateral type-2 glandular cell outlet; D, segments 1–3, ventral view; E, segments 6–8, ventral view; F, segments 9–11, ventral view. Abbreviations: ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral acicular spine; mds, middorsal acicular spine. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Black arrows, sensory spots; white arrowhead, type-1 glandular cell outlet; black arrowheads, type-2 glandular cell outlets.

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FIGURE 8 in New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Mediterranean seamounts and from the deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including notes on two undescribed species

FIGURE 8. Echinoderes unispinosus sp. nov., camera lucida drawings. A, B, Holotype, female (ZMB 11587), entire animal, dorsal and ventral views of segments 1–11, respectively; C, D, paratype, male (ZMB 11588), segments 10 and 11, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Abbreviations: gco1, type-1 glandular cell outlet; gco2, type-2 glandular cell outlet; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral acicular spine; mds, middorsal acicular spine; pe, penile spine; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot; te, tergal extension.