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359 results for “Elephant”
FIGURE 7 in New Entodiniomorphid Ciliates, Buetschlia minuta n. sp., B. cirrata n. sp., Charonina elephanti n. sp., from Asian Elephants of Turkey
FIGURE 7. Schematic figures of Charonina elephanti n. sp., a—in MFS from the left side, b—after pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation from the left side. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; AD, adoral polybrachykinety; CP, cytoproct; CV, contractile vacuole; DCZ, dorsal ciliary zone; DP, dorsal polybrachykinety; DPCZ, dorsal posterior ciliary zone; DPP, dorsal posterior polybrachykinety; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; V, vestibulum; VF, vestibular fibrils; VO, vestibular opening; VP, vestibular polybrachykinety; VPCZ, ventral posterior ciliary zone; VPP, ventral posterior polybrachykinety.
The Aerial Elephant Dataset
<p>Aerial surveying is a key tool for effective wildlife management. However, the high costs associated with large scale surveys means that this tool is often underutilized. We believe that computer vision can be used to dramatically decrease the costs associated with surveying, while at the same time improving the consistency of results. We present the Aerial Elephant Dataset, a challenging dataset to enable research on game detection under real-world conditions. The dataset consists of 2 074 images containing a total of 15 581 African bush elephants in their natural habitats, imaged with a consistent methodology over a range of background types, resolutions and times-of-day.</p>
Fig. 1 in Complexities associated with elephant impact on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in the Greater Kruger National Park
Fig. 1. Location of the surveyed marula trees across eight transects in Jejane Private Nature Reserve, Greater Kruger National Park.
Fig. 2 in Complexities associated with elephant impact on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in the Greater Kruger National Park
Fig. 2. Elephant impact levels on marula tree height classes in Jejane Private Nature Reserve. Different letters indicate significant differences in elephant impact levels.
Assessing the effects of elephant foraging on the structure and diversity of an Afrotropical forest
<p>African forest elephants (<i>Loxodonta cyclotis</i>) are ecosystem engineers that browse and damage large quantities of vegetation during their foraging and movement. Though elephant trail networks and clearings are conspicuous features of many African forests, the consequences of elephant foraging for forest structure and diversity are poorly documented. In this study in northeastern Gabon, we compare stem size, stem density, proportional damage, species diversity, and species relative abundance of seedlings and saplings in the vicinity of seven tree species that produce elephant-preferred fruits ("elephant trees") relative to control trees that do not. Across 34 survey trees, with a combined census area of 2.04 ha, we recorded data on 26,128 woody stems in three sizes classes. Compared to control trees, the area around elephant trees had: a) a significantly greater proportion of damaged seedlings and a marginally greater proportion of damaged saplings (with 82% and 24% greater odds of damage, respectively); b) no significant difference in stem density or species diversity; and c) a significantly greater relative abundance of seedlings of elephant tree species. Increasing distance away from focal elephant trees was associated with significantly reduced sapling stem damage, significantly increased sapling stem density, and significantly increased sapling species diversity. Considered in sum, our results suggest that elephants can affect the structure and diversity of Afrotropical forests through their foraging activities, with some variation based on location and plant size class. Developing a more complete understanding of elephants' ecological effects will require continued research, ideally with manipulative experiments.</p>
Data from: Reproductive skipping as an optimal life history strategy in the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina
Intermittent breeding by which organisms skip some current reproductive opportunities in order to enhance future reproductive success is a common life history tradeoff among long-lived, iteroparous species. The southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina engages in intermediate breeding when body condition is low. While it is anticipated that this strategy may increase the lifetime reproductive output of this species, the conditions under which reproductive skipping are predicted to occur are not clear. Here I develop a dynamic state variable model based on published data that examines when southern elephant seals are predicted to optimally skip reproduction in order to maximize lifetime reproductive output as a function of current body mass, maternal age, and survivorship. I demonstrate that the optimal reproductive strategy for this species can include reproductive skipping, and that the conditions where this is optimal depend on patterns of mass-dependent adult female survival. I further show that intermittent breeding can increase lifetime reproductive output, and that the magnitude of this benefit increases with the ability of individual animals to replenish depleted body mass through foraging. Finally, I show that when the environment is variable and foraging is reduced in bad years, the benefit of adopting an optimal strategy that includes reproductive skipping increases asymptotically with the frequency of bad years. These results highlight the importance of characterizing the pattern of adult survival in this species, as well as the need to identify other factors that may influence the prevalence and benefits of reproductive skipping.
Data from: Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution
The evolution of the ratite birds has been widely attributed to vicariant speciation, driven by the Cretaceous breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The early isolation of Africa and Madagascar implies that the ostrich and extinct Madagascan elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) should be the oldest ratite lineages. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two elephant birds and performed phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that these birds are the closest relatives of the New Zealand kiwi and are distant from the basal ratite lineage of ostriches. This unexpected result strongly contradicts continental vicariance and instead supports flighted dispersal in all major ratite lineages. We suggest that convergence toward gigantism and flightlessness was facilitated by early Tertiary expansion into the diurnal herbivory niche after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Data from: Determinants of elephant foraging behavior in a coupled human-natural system: is brown the new green?
1. Crop raiding by wildlife poses major threats to both wildlife conservation and human wellbeing in agro-ecosystems worldwide. These threats are particularly acute in many parts of Africa, where crop raiders include globally threatened megafauna such as elephants, and where smallholder agriculture is a primary source of human livelihood. One framework for understanding herbivore feeding behavior, the forage-maturation hypothesis, predicts that herbivores should align their movements with intermediate forage biomass (i.e., peak green-up); this phenomenon is known as "surfing the green wave." Crop-raiding elephants, however, often consume not just foliage, but also fruits and tubers (e.g., maize, potatoes), which generally mature after seasonal peaks in photosynthetic activity. Thus, although elephants have been reported to surf the green wave in natural habitats, they may utilize a different strategy in cultivated landscapes by selecting crops that are "browning down." 2. We sought to understand the factors that underpin movement of elephants into agricultural landscapes. 3. In Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park, we used movement data from GPS-collared elephants, together with precipitation records, remotely sensed estimates of landscape greenness (NDVI), DNA-based diet analysis, measurements of plant nutritional quality, and survey-based metrics of crop availability to understand spatiotemporal variation in elephant crop-raiding behavior. 4. Elephants tracked peak NDVI while foraging inside the Park. During the dry season, however, when NDVI within the Park declined and availability of mature crops was high, crop-raiding increased dramatically, and elephants consistently selected crop plants that were browning down while foraging in cultivated landscapes. Crops contained significantly higher digestible energy than wild food plants, but comparable (and sometimes lower) levels of digestible protein, suggesting that this foraging strategy maximized energy rather than protein intake. 5. Our study is the first to combine GPS tracking data with high-resolution diet analysis and community-based reporting of crop availability to reveal fine-scale plasticity in foraging behavior of elephants at the human-wildlife interface. Our results extend the forage-maturation hypothesis by showing that elephants surf waves of plant brown-down in cultivated landscapes. These findings can aid efforts to reduce human-elephant conflict by enabling wildlife managers to prioritize mitigation actions in time and space with limited resources.
The elephant in the family: Costs and benefits of elder siblings on younger offspring life-history trajectory in a matrilineal mammal
<p>1. Many mammals grow up with siblings, and interactions between them can influence offspring phenotype and fitness. Among these interactions, sibling competition between different-age offspring should lead to reproductive and survival costs on the younger sibling, while sibling cooperation should improve younger sibling's reproductive potential and survival. However, little is known about the consequences of sibling effects on younger offspring life history trajectory, especially in long-lived mammals.</p> <p>2. We take advantage of a large, multigenerational demographic dataset from semi-captive Asian elephants to investigate how the presence and sex of elder siblings influence the sex, survival until five years old, body condition, reproductive success (i.e. age at first reproduction and lifetime reproductive success), and long-term survival of subsequent offspring.</p> <p>3. We find that elder siblings have heterogenous effects on subsequent offspring life-history traits depending on their presence, their sex, and the sex of the subsequent offspring (named focal calf).</p> <p>4. Overall, the presence of an elder sibling (either sex) strongly increased focal calf long-term survival (either sex) compared to sibling absence. However, elder sisters had higher impact on the focal sibling than elder brothers. Focal females born after a female display higher long-term survival, and decreased age at first reproduction when raised together with an elder sister rather than a brother. Focal males born after a female rather than a male showed lower survival but higher body weight when both were raised together. We did not detect any sibling effects on the sex of the focal calf sex, survival until five years old and lifetime reproductive success.</p> <p>5. Our results highlight the general complexity of sibling effects, but broadly that elder siblings can influence the life-history trajectory of subsequent offspring. We also stress the importance of considering all life stages when evaluating sibling effects on life trajectories. 22-Jul-2021 --</p>
Figure 2 in Cryptic speciation and phylogeographic relationships in the elephant ear sponge Ianthella basta (Porifera, Ianthellidae) from northern Australia
Figure 2. Bayesian phylogeny of verongid species and Ianthella basta cryptic evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), based on the ITS2 alignment. The best-fit model was GTR+G, with shape parameter a = 0.5101. The numbers on nodes denote bootstrap support and posterior probabilities, respectively.
Figure 3 in Cryptic speciation and phylogeographic relationships in the elephant ear sponge Ianthella basta (Porifera, Ianthellidae) from northern Australia
Figure 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Ianthella basta cryptic evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), based on the concatenated COI–ITS2 alignment. The best-fit model was HKY+G, with shape parameter a = 0.2608. Numbers on nodes denote bootstrap and posterior probability support, respectively. Geographic locations of specimens are colour-coded on the left. Ianthella basta morphotypes found in each of the ESUs are shown on the right. Mismatch distributions are shown on the left; solid lines represent expected frequencies under a sudden population expansion model; dotted lines indicate the observed frequencies of pairwise differences.
Figure 1. A in Cryptic speciation and phylogeographic relationships in the elephant ear sponge Ianthella basta (Porifera, Ianthellidae) from northern Australia
Figure 1. A, Sampling locations: pie charts denote the presence of COI colour-coded haplotypes (with the same colours used in Fig. 1B); the numbers next to the coloured squares indicate the number of sponges sharing the same haplotype. B, median-joining networks based on partial COI gene sequences: circles represent haplotypes; haplotype ID is reported inside the circles; bars across lines connecting haplotypes indicate base changes; TrNcorrected distances among haplotypes are reported on the right. C, TrN-corrected evolutionary divergence comparisons among verongid species and Ianthella basta evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) from Figure 2; vertical bars indicate error margins calculated over 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Elephant agricultural use metrics in Mara-Serengeti ecosystem
<p>Agricultural use metrics were calculated for 66 elephants as part of a study to characterize crop use tactics in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem in Kenya and Tanzania. Metrics were calculated to capture mean agricultural use, maximum use from a moving average, and the difference between mean and max use. These metrics were used to classify agricultural use tactics for each elephant using Gaussian mixture models. Tables are provided with metrics and tactic classifications for the lifetime track (TableS3) and individual years (TableS4). Data contained in these files can be used to reproduce and further investigate Guassian mixture model clustering and cutpoint calculation, agricultural use linear mixed models, and tactic change generalized logistic mixed models in Hahn et al. 2021. </p>
Broken Elephant Statue at Hampi
Uploaded with 3dScannerApp.com Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Evaluation of Supra-aortic Trunks Debranching Techniques in Open Arch Repair by Means of Frozen Elephant Trunk Procedure With Two Configurations of the Jotec E-Vita Hybrid Graft (FETOPT)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03600077. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Total Arch Replacement With Frozen Elephant Trunk Versus Hemiarch Replacement in the Management of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06676371. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 3. Publications: 7.
B-SAFER: Branched Stented Anastomosis Frozen Elephant Trunk Repair
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04747626. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Climate change and the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) population in Baja California, Mexico
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Data from: Reproductive skipping as an optimal life history strategy in the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Interspecific interference competition at the resource patch scale: do large herbivores spatially avoid elephants while accessing water?
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.