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1,257 results for “Human infections”
Data from: The role of platelets in mediating a response to human influenza infection
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Data from: The contemporary distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, alternative hosts and vectors
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Data from: Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia.
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Data from: Competing for blood: the ecology of parasite resource competition in human malaria-helminth co-infections
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Source data for: Human monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus surface antigens recognize in vitro biofilm and in vivo implant infections
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Data from: Comparative genomics, infectivity and cytopathogenicity of Zika viruses produced by acutely and persistently Zika virus-infected human hematopoietic cell lines
Zika virus (ZIKV), an arthropod-borne virus, has emerged as a major human pathogen. Prolonged or persistent ZIKV infection of human cells and tissues may serve as a reservoir for the virus and present serious challenges to the safety of public health. Human hematopoietic cell lines with different developmental properties revealed differences in susceptibility and outcomes to ZIKV infection. In 3 separate studies involving the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain and the human monocytic leukemia U937 cell line, ZIKV initially developed only a low-grade infection at a slow rate. After continuous culture for several months, persistently ZIKV-infected cell lines were observed with most, if not all, cells testing positive for ZIKV antigen. The infected cultures produced ZIKV RNA (v-RNA) and infectious ZIKVs persistently ("persistent ZIKVs") with distinct infectivity and pathogenicity when tested using various kinds of host cells. When the genomes of ZIKVs from the three persistently infected cell lines were compared with the genome of the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain, distinct sets of mutations specific to each cell line were found. Significantly, all three "persistent ZIKVs" were capable of infecting fresh U937 cells with high efficiency at rapid rates, resulting in the development of a new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines. The genomes of ZIKVs from the new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines were further analyzed for their different mutations. The 2nd generation of persistent ZIKVs continued to possess most of the distinct sets of mutations specific to the respective 1st generation of persistent ZIKVs. We anticipate that the study will contribute to the understanding of the fundamental biology of adaptive mutations and selection during viral persistence. The persistently ZIKV-infected human cell lines that we developed will also be useful to investigate critical molecular pathways of ZIKV persistence and to study drugs or countermeasures against ZIKV infections and transmission.
Data from: Rapid host switching in generalist Campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the biggest causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world, with human infections typically arising from zoonotic transmission associated with infected meat. Because Campylobacter is not thought to survive well outside the gut, host-associated populations are genetically isolated to varying degrees. Therefore, the likely origin of most strains can be determined by host-associated variation in the genome. This is instructive for characterizing the source of human infection. However, some common strains, notably isolates belonging to the ST-21, ST-45 and ST-828 clonal complexes, appear to have broad host ranges, hindering source attribution. Here whole-genome sequencing has the potential to reveal fine-scale genetic structure associated with host specificity. We found that rates of zoonotic transmission among animal host species in these clonal complexes were so high that the signal of host association is all but obliterated, estimating one zoonotic transmission event every 1.6, 1.8 and 12 years in the ST-21, ST-45 and ST828 complexes, respectively. We attributed 89% of clinical cases to a chicken source, 10% to cattle and 1% to pig. Our results reveal that common strains of C. jejuni and C. coli infectious to humans are adapted to a generalist lifestyle, permitting rapid transmission between different hosts. Furthermore, they show that the weak signal of host association within these complexes presents a challenge for pinpointing the source of clinical infections, underlining the view that whole-genome sequencing, powerful though it is, cannot substitute for intensive sampling of suspected transmission reservoirs.
Data from: Monitoring chicken flock behaviour provides early warning of infection by human pathogen Campylobacter
Campylobacter is the commonest bacterial cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans and chicken meat is the major source of infection throughout the world. Strict and expensive on-farm biosecurity measures have been largely unsuccessful in controlling infection and are hampered by the time needed to analyze faecal samples with the result that Campylobacter status is often known only after a flock has been processed. Our data demonstrate an alternative approach that monitors the behaviour of live chickens with cameras and analyses the 'optical flow' patterns made by flock movements. Campylobacter-free chicken flocks have higher mean and lower kurtosis of optical flow than those testing positive for Campylobacter by microbiological methods. We show that by monitoring behaviour in this way, flocks likely to become positive can be identified within the first 7-10 days of life, much earlier than conventional on-farm microbiological methods. This early warning has the potential to lead to a more targeted approach to Campylobacter control and also provides new insights into possible sources of infection that could transform the control of this globally important foodborne pathogen.
Effect of nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton on cervical bacterial flora with persistent human papillomavirus infection
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Figure 6 in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria
Figure 6. The flask-shaped metacercariae of Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp.
Controlled infection with cryopreserved human hookworm induces CTLA-4 expression on Tregs and upregulates tryptophan metabolism
<p>Human plasma metabolomics dataset generated from controlled human hookworm infection study. <br><br><span>Infecting humans with controlled doses of helminths, such as human hookworm (termed hookworm therapy), is proposed to prevent or treat various intestinal and extraintestinal disease. However, full-scale clinical trials examining hookworm therapy are limited by the inability to scale-up the production of hookworm larvae to infect sufficient numbers of patients. With the aim of overcoming this challenge, this study infected four healthy individuals with hookworm larvae that had been reanimated from cryopreserved eggs, to examine their viability and immunogenicity. We</span><span> demonstrate that reanimated cryopreserved hookworm larvae establish a viable hookworm infection and elicit a similar immune response to larvae cultured from fresh stool. Furthermore, </span><span>a refined understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of hookworm is imperative to determine which diseases to target with hookworm therapy. To investigate potential therapeutic mechanisms, this study infected 13 healthy individuals with hookworm and assessed changes in the immune cells, microbiome, and metabolome.</span><span> <span>We identified potential immunoregulatory mechanisms by which hookworm may provide a beneficial </span></span><span>effect on its host, including increased expression of CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and upregulation of tryptophan metabolism. In summary, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of full-scale clinical trials examining hookworm therapy by minimising the reliance on human donors and optimising the culturing process, thereby enabling viable hookworm larvae to be mass-produced and enabling on-demand inoculation of patients. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the complex interactions between helminths and their host, which could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.</span></p>
Data from: Incidence and risk factors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study
Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of treatment failure among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome infected (AIDS) children who were on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted from January 2010 to March 2016. A total of 824 children under the age of 15 years who had started ART were included in the study. Data were collected from children's medical chart and ART registration logbook using a standard checklist. A Weibull regression model was used to identify the risk factors for treatment failure. Adjusted Hazard Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to declare statistical significance. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the children was 6.4 ± 3.6 years with a median (IQR) follow up of 30.5 (IQR: 14.6, 51.4) months. Sixty-three children (7.7%, 95%CI:5.8, 9.5) developed treatment failure. Seventeen (27.0%) of whom were immunological and 46 (73.0 %) clinical failures. The incidence rate of treatment failure was 22.1/10000 person-months. The cumulative probability of failure was 0.4 with 28562.5 person-month observations. Lack of disclosure [AHR=4. 4, 95%CI (1.8, 11.3)], opportunistic infections during initiation of ART [AHR= 2.3, 95% CI (1.3, 4.1)] and prolonged follow up [AHR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.02, 0.18)] were the main predictors of treatment failure. Conclusion: This study revealed that the incidence of treatment failure remains a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Undisclosed HIV status to children, the presence of opportunistic infections during initiation of ART and prolonged follow up was found to be the main predictors of treatment failure. Hence, early detection of the treatment failures and further studies on viral monitor need to consider.
Figure 9 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 9 - Image of Haematoloechus similis;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria without stainingc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, spo: sporocyst, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 50 µm, c = 50 µm).
Figure 8 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 8 - Image of Loxogenoides bicolor;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, vi – vigulate gland, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, spo: sporocyst, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 50 µm, c = 20 µm).
Figure 6 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 6 - Image of Centrocestus formosanus;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, ti – tip, re – redia, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).
Figure 5 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 5 - Image of Stictodora tridactyla;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, ep – esophagus, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, lf – lateral finfold, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, re – redia, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine, sh – sensory hair (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).
Figure 4 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 4 - Image of Haplorchis taichui;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria without stainingc. Redia without stainingd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, gi – genital primordial, eb – excretory bladder, lf – lateral finfold, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, re – redia, c – cercaria, sp – spine (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 20 µm).
Figure 3 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 3 - Image of Haplorchis pumilio;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, lf – lateral finfold, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, re – redia, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine, sh – sensory hair (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).
Figure 20 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 20 - Image of Podocotyle (Podocotyle) lepomis;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–f. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, p – pharynx, penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, ad – adhesive organ, spo – sporocyst, c – cercaria (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).
Figure 7 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306
Figure 7 - Image of Acanthatrium hitaense;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, vi – vigulate gland, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, ti – tip, spo: sporocyst, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 25 µm, c = 50 µm).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.