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Comparative analysis of Dipodomys species indicates that kangaroo rat hindlimb anatomy is adapted for rapid evasive leaping
<p><span>Body size is a key factor that influences antipredator behavior. For animals that rely on jumping to escape from predators, there is a theoretical trade-off between jump distance and acceleration as body size changes at both the inter- and intraspecific levels. Assuming geometric similarity, acceleration will decrease with increasing body size due to a smaller increase in muscle cross-sectional area than body mass. Smaller animals will likely have a similar jump distance as larger animals due to their shorter limbs and faster accelerations. Therefore, in order to maintain acceleration in a jump across different body sizes, hind limbs must be disproportionately bigger for larger animals. We explored this prediction using four species of kangaroo rats (<i>Dipodomys </i>spp.), a genus of bipedal rodent with similar morphology across a range of body sizes (40–150 g). Kangaroo rat jump performance was measured by simulating snake strikes to free-ranging individuals. Additionally, morphological measurements of hind limb muscles and segment lengths were obtained from thawed frozen specimens. Overall, jump acceleration was constant across body sizes and jump distance increased with increasing size. Additionally, kangaroo rat hind limb muscle mass and cross-sectional area scaled with positive allometry. Ankle extensor tendon cross-sectional area also scaled with positive allometry. Hind limb segment length scaled isometrically, with the exception of the metatarsals, which scaled with negative allometry. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that kangaroo rat hind limbs are built to maintain jump acceleration rather than jump distance. Selective pressure from single-strike predators, such as snakes and owls, likely drives this relationship.</span></p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
Diagnostic traits of Mindomys (after Weksler et al. 2006)
Supplementary material 6 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
Figure S4
Supplementary material 5 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
Figure S3
Supplementary material 4 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
Figure S2
Supplementary material 3 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
Figure S1
Supplementary material 1 from: Brito J, Koch C, Tinoco N, Pardiñas UFJ (2022) A new species of Mindomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with remarks on external traits as indicators of arboreality in sigmodontine rodents. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.76879
GenBank access numbers of cricetid taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses
Figure 16 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 16. Caenocentron ideolus, male genitalia: A, lateral; B, ventral.
Figure 8 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 8. Caenocentron carlosdelarosai sp. nov. male genitalia. A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral.
Figure 15. Caenocentron galesus, male genitalia A in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 15. Caenocentron galesus, male genitalia A, lateral; B, ventral.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 7. Caenocentron carlosdelarosai sp. nov. A, head and thorax; B, wing venation.
Figure 14 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 14. Caenocentron yavapai male genitalia: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral.
Figure 17 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 17. Caenocentron immaculatum, male genitalia: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral.
Figure 18 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)
Figure 18. Caenocentron lausus, male genitalia: A, lateral; B, ventral.
Figure 1 from: Korshunova TA, Sanamyan NP, Martynov AV (2016) Morphological and molecular evidence indicate Dendronotus primorjensis is a valid species that has priority over D. dudkai (Nudibranchia). ZooKeys 634: 15-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.634.10231
Figure 1 - Dendronotus primorjensis, type material from Zoological Museum MSU: A holotype ZMMU Op-419, live, 35 mm in length, dorsal view B fixed holotype ZMMU Op-419 C paratype ZMMU Op-420, live, 21 mm in length D fixed paratype ZMMU Op-420 E radula of the holotype ZMMU Op-419, posterior part, SEM; F same, details G reproductive system of the holotype ZMMU Op-419. Abbreviations: am ampulla; bc bursa; fgm female gland mass; pr prostate; ps penial sheath; vd vas deferens; vg vagina. Scale bars E = 100 µm F = 30 µm G = 1 mm. Photos and SEM images by T.A. Korshunova and A.V. Martynov (Figures A, E, and F were published as part of the original description by Martynov et al. 2015a).
Figure 2 from: Korshunova TA, Sanamyan NP, Martynov AV (2016) Morphological and molecular evidence indicate Dendronotus primorjensis is a valid species that has priority over D. dudkai (Nudibranchia). ZooKeys 634: 15-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.634.10231
Figure 2 - Phylogenetic tree based on combined molecular data (COI + 16S + 28S) represented by Bayesian Inference. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities from BI. Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap values for Maximum Likelihood.
Figure 2 from: Luangsuphabool T, Lumbsch HT, Piapukiew J, Sangvichien E (2018) Architrypethelium murisporum (Ascomycota, Trypetheliaceae), a remarkable new lichen species from Thailand challenging ascospore septation as an indicator of phylogenetic relationships. MycoKeys 34: 25-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.34.23836
Figure 2 Morphological characters of Architrypethelium murisporum (holotype): A thallus and pseudostromata with ascomata B ascus with ascospores and C ascospores. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 10 μm (B–C).
Figure 1 from: Luangsuphabool T, Lumbsch HT, Piapukiew J, Sangvichien E (2018) Architrypethelium murisporum (Ascomycota, Trypetheliaceae), a remarkable new lichen species from Thailand challenging ascospore septation as an indicator of phylogenetic relationships. MycoKeys 34: 25-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.34.23836
Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Architrypethelium and sister genera based on a combined data set of two DNA loci (mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA). Bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are shown at above and below branches.
Supplementary material 1 from: Leray VL, Caravas J, Friedrich M, Zigler KS (2019) Mitochondrial sequence data indicate "Vicariance by Erosion" as a mechanism of species diversification in North American Ptomaphagus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) cave beetles. Subterranean Biology 29: 35-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.29.31377
: Data type: statistical data
Supplementary material 2 from: Leray VL, Caravas J, Friedrich M, Zigler KS (2019) Mitochondrial sequence data indicate "Vicariance by Erosion" as a mechanism of species diversification in North American Ptomaphagus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) cave beetles. Subterranean Biology 29: 35-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.29.31377
: Data type: statistical data
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.