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247 results for “Large mammals”
Data from: A Preliminary Survey of Medium and Large-Sized Mammals from Lebu Natural Protected Forest, Southwest Showa, Ethiopia
<p>Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the species composition and diversity of medium and large-sized mammals from Lebu Natural Protected Forest, Ethiopia. Surveys were conducted to record mammals through direct observation and indirect evidence from three habitat types, namely: Natural forest, Bushland, and Riverine forest. A total of 15 mammalian species was recorded. The species recorded were Papio anubis, Chlorocebus aethiops, Tragelaphus scriptus, Canis aureus, Crocuta crocuta, Panthera pardus, Procavia capensis, Colobus guereza, Sylvicapra grimmia, Orycteropus afer, Helogale parvula, Hystrix cristata, Lepus fagani, Potamochoerus larvatus and Phacochoeus africanus. A total of 223 records of observations was compiled. 74% of these records (N=167) were obtained from direct sight, whereas the rest was recorded through indirect evidence. The dominant order recorded was Order Primates (57.4%) followed by Order Artiodactyla (17.5 %) while the least record was Order Lagomorpha (1.34%). The species richness varied across the stratified habitat types. However, there is no significant difference in Shannon-Wiener Index values between the habitat types. The species diversity of the study area was H'=2. 119. The present study area is of great potential area for the conservation of the species. Long-term detailed studies should be carried out for effective conservation and management initiatives in the study area.</p>
Data from: Altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species
<p>Habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. Determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. However, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. Here, we studied the variation in abundance of a widely distributed mustelid, the European badger (<i>Meles meles</i>), across France.<b> </b>We used (1) direct detections of 9,439 dead and living badgers, from 2006 to 2009, to estimate badger relative abundance in 703 small agricultural regions of metropolitan France and (2) a Bayesian modelling approach to identify the main environmental determinants influencing badger abundance.<b> </b>Despite a continuous distribution of badger in France, we found large variation in badger abundance between regions, explained by environmental factors. Among a set of 13 environmental variables, we demonstrated that badger abundance in lowlands (< 400 m a.s.l.) was mostly driven by biotic factors such as potential food resources (earthworm abundance and fruits crops) and forest fragmentation. Conversely, in mountainous areas, abiotic factors (i.e. soil texture and climate) drove the variation in badger relative abundance.<b> </b>These results underline the importance of mapping the abundance of wildlife species based on environmental suitability, and highlight the complexity of drivers influencing species abundance at such large spatial scales. Altitude shaped the environmental drivers (biotic <i>vs.</i> abiotic) that most influenced relative abundance of a widespread species. In the case of badger, such abundance maps are crucial to identify critical areas for species management as this mustelid is a main wild vector of bovine tuberculosis in several countries.</p>
Higher mortality rates for large and medium-sized mammals on plantation roads compared to highways in Peninsular Malaysia
<p>The fragmentation of forests by agricultural expansion, urbanisation and road networks is a global phenomenon. In Southeast Asia, wildlife populations are being isolated into pockets of natural habitat surrounded by road networks and monoculture plantations. Mortality by wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) is causing a decline in many species of conservation priority in human-modified landscapes. This study is the first in Malaysia to investigate factors affecting the occurrence of WVCs. We assessed roadkill data gathered by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks on small, medium and large mammals in Peninsular Malaysia. We examined the relationship between wildlife road accidents and environmental factors. We found a total of 605 roadkills, involving 21 species. Roadkill records included three species classified as endangered. Road type, year, and distance from continuous and fragmented forests were significant for determining mammal mortality. Unexpectedly, the majority of road mortality occurred on oil palm plantation roads compared to highways. Mortality of small and medium mammals was greater at locations further away from continuous forest than those closer to forests. Segmentation of continuous forest by roads should be avoided wherever possible, and wildlife corridors should be put in place to reduce the threat of roads on crossing wildlife.</p>
Figures 7-8 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 7-8 - (7) Species richness and confidence interval (95%) in low (<1000 m) and high elevation (>1200 m) in Rio Preto State Park. (8) Use intensity by medium and large mammals and confidence interval (95%) in low (<1000 m) and high elevation (>1200 m) in Rio Preto State Park.
Figures 3-4 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 3-4 - Observed species richness and confidence interval (95%) by physiognomy in (3) Rio Preto State Park and (4) Sempre Vivas National Park.
Figure 1 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figure 1 - Camera trap sites (black circles) surveyed at Rio Preto State Park and Sempre Vivas National Park. Areas of integral protection in gray and areas of sustainable use in hollow poligones.
Figure 2 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figure 2 - Species accumulation curve (richness x effort) and confidence interval (95%) in Rio Preto State Park (RPSP) and Sempre Vivas National Park (SVNP).
Figures 5-6 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 5-6 - Medium and large mammals use intensity and confidence interval (95%) by physiognomy in (5) Rio Preto State Park and (6) Sempre Vivas National Park.
Figures 1–4 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figures 1–4. Distribution of (1) body size, (2) longevity, (3) gestation length, and (4) female maturity of Neotropical species clustered per order. Data based on Myhrvold et al. (2015). Black vertical lines indicate the median. Red dashed lines are reference values. Note that some species of Rodentia are also classified as medium and large mammals (MLM); see the text.
Figures 7–10 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figures 7–10. Examples of recent taxonomic changes in Neotropical medium and large mammals. For each taxon, maps on the left refer to distribution by IUCN and on the right refer to current literature (see Table 1). Split of greater long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus kappleri) into three species (7); of Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) into four taxa (8); of pampas cats (Leopardus colocola) into five species (9), and of tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis) into numerous species (10). Among those examples, the cottontails (Sylvilagus) are the only ones that had their conservation status reevaluated by the IUCN, leading to the recognition of a new threat scenario. The remaining taxa are all pending a (re)evaluation (PE). Note the drastic reduction in the geographic range of L. colocola, C. prehensilis, and most species of Sylvilagus.
Fig. 1 in Assessing large mammal and bird richness from camera-trap records in the Hukaung Valley of Northern Myanmar
Fig. 1. Location of Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary and Core study area (hatched) in Northern Myanmar.
Pattern of crop raiding by wild large mammals and the resultant impacts vary with distances from forests in southwest Ethiopia
<p class="CxSpFirst">Crop raiding is a major form of human-wildlife interaction mainly in the ecotone areas of human-modified-natural landscapes. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial pattern of crop raiding and the resultant impacts on how farmers perceive forests at different distances from Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve which is located in southwest Ethiopia. For this, thirty transects (each 1km long) were laid out at 200m interval parallel to forest edges: ten transects close to forest (<0.5km), ten at intermediate (0.5-1km) and ten transects were taken far from forest (>1km). Along each transect 2-6 households were randomly selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. The perception of the respondents on forests at different distances from forest edges was analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. The variation in the amount of damage among these three locations was tested using one-way ANOVA. Four wild large mammals including; olive baboon, vervet monkey, bush pigs and crested porcupine were identified as top crop raiders in the area. The frequencies of occurrence of crop raiders decreased with increasing distance from forest edges. Similarly, the amount of damage in maize fields was higher close to forests when compared with that of either at intermediate or far from forest edges (P<0.001). Eighty one percent of the<span class="fontstyle01"><span> households living close to the forests perceive </span></span>that forest is a threat to their survival. Overall, our results imply that strategies need to be sought in order to minimize the socio-ecological impacts of crop raiders mainly in locations close to forest edges.</p>
Fig. 16 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 16. Dental specimens of Chilga elephantoids, cf. Gomphotherium sp. nov. A. Right m2, CH25−V−12a, in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2, A3) views. B. Partial right m3, CH14−V−14, in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2, B3) views. Anterior is to the left. Broken areas indicated by dotted lines. Scale bars 1 cm.
Fig. 15 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 15. Dental specimens of Chilga elephantoids, cf. Gomphotherium sp. nov. A. Right p4, CH25−3, in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2, A3) views. B. Right P4, CH25−V−12c, in occlusal view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars 1 cm.
Fig. 14 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 14. Dental specimens of Chilga palaeomastodonts, aff. Palaeomastodon. A. Right M3, CH35−V−23, aff. Palaeomastodon sp. nov. A. in occlusal view. B. Right M3, CH14−11, aff. Palaeomastodon sp. nov. B. Original specimen in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; note step fractures and separation of crown segments, indicated by dotted lines. Reconstructed cast specimen in occlusal view (B3, B4). Anterior is to the left. Broken areas indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar 1 cm.
Fig. 8 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 8. Dental specimens of Phiomia major sp. nov. Anterior is to the left. A. Left P4, CH4−2, in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2, A3) views. B. Left M2, CH9−1, in occlusal view. C. Right I2, CH17−1, part of holotype, in medial (C1) and lateral (reversed) (C2) views.
Fig. 2 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 2. Diagram of the Chilga stratigraphic section. The section has more than 90 m of volcanics at its base that are overlain by at least 130 m of fluvial and alluvial sediments. Stepwise alternating−field demagnetization was carried out on 118 samples with generally three samples per stratigraphic level. Paleomagnetic reversal stratigraphy demonstrates a dominance of normal polarity, and an 40Ar/39Ar age of 27.36 ± 0.11 Ma for a tuff in the upper portion of the sedimentary sequence at about 165 m provides an absolute tie point to Chron C9n (27.946−27.004 Ma). Small arrows to the far right of the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Cande and Kent (1995) represent "tiny wiggles," and the two brief reversal events within Chron 9 may be present at Chilga, providing additional but more indirect support for this correlation. Together these data suggest that this section is probably limited to the duration of this Chron (<1 Myr). Vertebrate−bearing horizons (V) occur primarily through the middle part of the section.
Fig. 11 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 11. Phiomia major sp. nov., parts of holotype, CH17−1. A. Mandibular symphysis and right i2 projecting from alveolus, in dorsal view. B. Left i2 in medial (reversed) view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar 3 cm.
Fig. 4 in New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia
Fig. 4. Cheek teeth of Chilgatherium harrisi sp. nov. A. Right P3, CH9−22, in buccal (A1, A2) and occlusal (A3, A4) views. B. Right M3, CH35−1, in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2, B3) views. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars 1 cm.
Data from: Rensch's rule in large herbivorous mammals derived from metabolic scaling
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