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983 results for “Lice”
Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions
Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.
Data from: Structure, gene order, and nucleotide composition of mitochondrial genomes in parasitic lice from Amblycera
<p>Parasitic lice have unique mitochondrial (mt) genomes characterized by rearranged gene orders, variable genome structures, and less AT content compared to most other insects. However, relatively little is known about the mt genomes of Amblycera, the suborder sister to all other parasitic lice. Comparing among nine different genera (including representative of all seven families), we show that Amblycera have variable and highly rearranged mt genomes. Some genera have fragmented genomes that vary considerably in length, whereas others have a single mt chromosome. Notably, these genomes are more AT-biased than most other lice. We also recover genus-level phylogenetic relationships among Amblycera that are consistent with those reported from large nuclear datasets, indicating that mt sequences are reliable for reconstructing evolutionary relationships in Amblycera. However, gene order data cannot reliably recover these same relationships. Overall, our results suggest that the mt genomes of lice, already know to be distinctive, are even more variable than previously thought.</p>
Figure 2 in Identification key for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) with one new country record and new host record for Saudi Arabia
Figure 2. The illustrated drawing of Amyrsidea minuta male genitalia.
Figure 3 in Identification key for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) with one new country record and new host record for Saudi Arabia
Figure 3. Female Menacanthus stramineus. Normal image on the left and modified image on the right.
Figure 4 in Identification key for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) with one new country record and new host record for Saudi Arabia
Figure 4. Male Goniodes dissimilis. Normal image on the left and modified image on the right.
IIb-RAD-seq coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
<p><span>The aquaculture industry has been dealing with salmon lice problems forming serious threats to salmonid farming. Several treatment approaches have been used to control the parasite. Treatment effectiveness must be optimized, and the systematic genetic differences between sub-populations must be studied to monitor louse species and enhance targeted control measures. We have used IIb-RAD sequencing in tandem with a random forest classification algorithm to detect the regional genetic structure of the Norwegian salmon lice and identify important markers for sex differentiation of this species. We identified 19428 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 95 individuals of salmon lice. These SNPs, however, were not able to distinguish differential structure of lice populations. Using the random forest algorithm, we selected 91 SNPs important for geographical classification and 14 SNPs important for sex classification. The geographically important SNP data substantially improved the genetic understanding of the population structure and classified regional demographic clusters along the Norwegian coast. </span><span>We also uncovered SNP markers that could help determine the sex of the salmon louse. </span><span>A large portion of the SNPs identified to be under directional selection were also ranked highly important by random forest. According to our findings, there is a regional population structure of salmon lice associated with the geographical location along the Norwegian coastline.</span></p>
Data from: Independent evolution of highly variable, fragmented mitogenomes of parasitic lice
<p>The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of bilaterian animals are highly conserved structures that usually consist of a single circular chromosome. However, several species of parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) possess fragmented mitogenomes, where the mitochondrial genes are present on separate, circular chromosomes. Nevertheless, the extent, causes, and consequences of this structural variation remain poorly understood. Here, we combined new and existing data to better understand the evolution of mitogenome fragmentation in major groups of parasitic lice. We found strong evidence that fragmented mitogenomes evolved many times within parasitic lice and that the level of fragmentation is highly variable, including examples of heteroplasmic arrangements. We also found a significant association between mitochondrial fragmentation and signatures of relaxed selection. Mitochondrial fragmentation was also associated with changes to a lower AT%, possibly due to differences in mutation biases. Together, our results provide a significant advance in understanding the process of mitogenome fragmentation and provide an important perspective on mitochondrial evolution in eukaryotes.</p>
High levels of inbreeding with spatial and host-associated structure in lice of an endangered freshwater seal
<p>Host-specialist parasites of endangered large vertebrates are in many cases more endangered than their hosts. In particular, low host population densities and reduced among-host transmission rates are expected to lead to inbreeding within parasite infrapopulations living on single host individuals. Furthermore, spatial population structures of directly-transmitted parasites should be concordant with those of their hosts. Using population genomic approaches, we investigated inbreeding and population structure in a host-specialist seal louse (<em>Echinophthirius horridus</em>) infesting the Saimaa ringed seal (<em>Phoca hispida saimensis</em>), which is endemic to Lake Saimaa in Finland and is one of the most endangered pinnipeds in the world. We conducted genome resequencing of pairs of lice collected from 18 individual Saimaa ringed seals throughout the Lake Saimaa complex. Our analyses showed high genetic similarity and inbreeding between lice inhabiting the same individual seal host, indicating low among-host transmission rates. Across the lake, genetic differentiation among individual lice was correlated with their geographic distance, and assignment analyses revealed a marked break in the genetic variation of the lice in the middle of the lake, indicating substantial population structure. These findings indicate that movements of Saimaa ringed seals across the main breeding areas of the fragmented Lake Saimaa complex may in fact be more restricted than suggested by previous population-genetic analyses of the seals themselves.</p>
The negative association of sea lice from fish farms on recreational fishing catches of Atlantic salmon
<p>The question of whether and to what extent sea-louse (<em>L. salmonis)</em> infestations from salmon farms influence wild Atlantic salmon survival has been subject to sustained scientific debate and political controversy. Documenting the population-level effects of sea lice on wild salmon remains inherently challenging. We employ comprehensive sea-lice data and recreational catch data from Norway to assess the impact of farm sea-louse infestations on wild salmon catches in different production areas (PAs). Our analysis finds a significant correlation between declines in wild Atlantic salmon catches and increasing amounts of adult female sea lice per km<sup>2</sup>. The effect is most pronounced in PA 4 on the west coast of Norway, an area within the government's "traffic light" management system where out-migrating salmon smolts are deemed to face high exposure to louse-induced mortality risk. Our model predicts below-average catches when the total sea louse load exceeds the government's limit of 0.1 average adult female sea louse per farmed fish within some production areas. Furthermore, our results indicate that the risk of below-average catches increases by approximately 47% when salmon farms exceed this limit (estimated risk ratio of 1.47, 95 % CI [1.10, 1.96]).</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications</em>: Our study expands the existing body of evidence demonstrating a negative association between fish farming and the ecosystem services provided by wild salmon stocks. It has important implications for aquaculture management. First, it shows that farm sea lice directly affect peoples, rights holders, and interest groups, such as landowners and anglers, who rely on viable populations of wild salmon. Second, it suggests that a >0.1 sea lice limit may be insufficient to prevent subpar catches in some areas. Furthermore, in the context of allowing further growth in farmed salmon biomass, setting absolute sea-louse limits for entire production areas may be a more effective regulatory instrument than setting average lice limits per farmed fish. Our findings contribute to advancing a scientific basis for setting appropriate louse limits on farm and area scales.</p>
Biogeographic history of pigeons and doves drives the origin and diversification of their parasitic body lice
<p>Despite their extensive diversity and ecological importance, the history of diversification for most groups of parasitic organisms remains relatively understudied. Elucidating broad macroevolutionary patterns of parasites is challenging, often limited by the availability of samples, genetic resources, and knowledge about ecological relationships with their hosts. In this study, we explore the macroevolutionary history of parasites by focusing on parasitic body lice from doves. Building on extensive knowledge of ecological relationships and previous phylogenomic studies of their avian hosts, we tested specific questions about the evolutionary origins of the body lice of doves, leveraging whole genome data sets for phylogenomics. Specifically, we sequenced whole genomes from 68 samples of dove body lice, including representatives of all body louse genera from 51 host taxa. From these data, we assembled >2,300 nuclear genes to estimate dated phylogenetic relationships among body lice and several outgroup taxa. The resulting phylogeny of body lice was well supported, although some branches had conflicting signal across the genome. We then reconstructed ancestral biogeographic ranges of body lice and compared the body louse phylogeny to phylogeny of doves, and also to a previously published phylogeny of the wing lice of doves. Divergence estimates placed the origin of body lice in the late Oligocene. Body lice likely originated in Australasia and dispersed with their hosts during the early Miocene, with subsequent codivergence and host switching throughout the world. Notably, this evolutionary history is very similar to that of dove wing lice, despite the stronger dispersal capabilities of wing lice compared to body lice. Our results highlight the central role of the biogeographic history of host organisms in driving the evolutionary history of their parasites across time and geographic space.</p>
Fig. 1 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) species of wild birds in northwestern Turkey with a new host record
Fig. 1. Degeerialla nisus from the common buzzard (Bute buteo). (A), Male, (B) male genitalia.
Fig. 4. Caligus equulae Nordmann, female. A. leg 2. B. leg 3. C. leg 4 in Sea lice (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) new to Korea, including three new species
Fig. 4. Caligus equulae Nordmann, female. A. leg 2. B. leg 3. C. leg 4. Scales=0.05 mm for all.
Figure 4 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 4. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male, original.
Figure 3 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 3. Cuclotogaster heterographus, female, original.
Figure 5 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 5. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male genitalia, original.
Figure. Sampling sites of blood sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) in Croatia. in The blood sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) of Croatia: review and new data
Figure. Sampling sites of blood sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) in Croatia.
Figure 8 in Chewing lice species (Phthiraptera) found on a European Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in Turkey: new records of a genus and two species for the Turkish fauna of Phthiraptera
Figure 8. Pectinopygus brevicornis male, head.
Figure 3 in Chewing lice species (Phthiraptera) found on a European Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in Turkey: new records of a genus and two species for the Turkish fauna of Phthiraptera
Figure 3. Eidmanniella pellucida female, prosternal-metasternal plate.
Figure 2 in Chewing lice species (Phthiraptera) found on a European Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in Turkey: new records of a genus and two species for the Turkish fauna of Phthiraptera
Figure 2. Eidmanniella pellucida female, head.
Figure 5 in Chewing lice species (Phthiraptera) found on a European Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in Turkey: new records of a genus and two species for the Turkish fauna of Phthiraptera
Figure 5. Eidmanniella pellucida male, genitalia.
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