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Figure 5A-C in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 5A-C. Spinneret silk spigot ultrastructure: A – two spigots of posterior lateral spinnerets. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: opening at the end of shaft, from which silk secretion is extruded, C – opening at the end of shaft, filled with solidified silk secretion. The secretion has two components. Peripheral (S1) component of solidified protein mixture surrounds the central (S2) component, which unlike component S1, has a granular appearance. SPI – spigots, bas – basal part (socket), term – terminal part of spigot (shaft).

Figure 2A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 2A-B. Macrostructure of shelter and attachment fields: A – mid-section of silken tube. Arrows indicate where the tube is attached to the substratum by means of attachment fields (AF). B – detailed view of an attachment field.

Figure 4A-D in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 4A-D. SEM micrographs of spinnerets: A – overview of ventral side of a nymph. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: posterior part of ventral side of opisthosoma with two pairs of spinnerets. C – surface of posterior lateral spinnerets with spigots, partly covered by adjacent hairs (setae). Location of spigots is marked with arrows. D – detailed view of surface of spinnerets with spigots, hairs and silk fibrils. CH – chelicerae, HA – hairs, PE – pedipalps, PMS – posterior median spinnerets, PLS – posterior lateral spinnerets, SI – silk, SP – spinnerets, SPI – spigots, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.

Figure 1A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 1A-B. Adult female Avicularia metallica: A – a female sitting on a leaf of Dwarf Cavendish banana Musa acuminata. B – the same female kept inside a glass insectarium. The female leans against the glass wall both with its feet and spinnerets at the end of its opisthosoma. SP – spinnerets, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.

Figure 3 in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 3. Entrance into the shelter. AF – attachment fields, CF – connecting fibers, EO – entry opening, TU – tube.

Figure 8A-D in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 8A-D. Amorphous and fibrous structures in attachment fields: A – Spot of amorphous (i.e. nongranular) secretion on the surface of plastic wall with fibrils of various lengths leading from it in numerous places. B – enlarged view of framed section in A. C – Detailed view of surface of the spot. Granular secretion in center of image is the main structural material of a fibril. D – detailed view of fibril (150–170 nm in diameter) with characteristic globular ultrastructure, formed on the underlying layer of nongranular component of silken spot. GS – granular secretion, NGS – nongranular secretion, NF – nanofibril.

Figure 7A-C in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 7A-C. SEM micrographs of attachment field silk: A – Cut-out section of plastic container, covered with silk of attachment fields – AFS. Places with the highest concentration of nanofibrils appear in the image as whitish spots without clear borders. This silk constitutes an adhesive foundation layer onto which the spider attaches connecting fibers, B – attachment of a connecting fiber (CF) to the substratum covered with adhesive silk. Before joining with the silk of attachment fields, the thick connecting fibers ramify into several thinner fibers with fewer nanofibrils. As the fibers progressively ramify before they are anchored in the AFS-covered substratum, the bundles become gradually less compact until separate nanofibrils remain. C – enlarged view of framed section in B.

Figure 9A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 9A-B. Connection between nongranular silken secretion and fibrils: A – Solidified drop of amorphous secretion joined with fibrils. B – enlarged view of ultrastructure of silk where the two types of secretion connect.

Fig. 16 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 16. Mothocya parvostis manca (2.96 mm) infesting a yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus juvenile (12.22 mm). (A–D) Pereopods 3–6, respectively. (E, F) Pleopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 14 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 14. Mothocya parvostis manca (3.12 mm) infesting a cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae juvenile (14.54 mm). (A–D) Pereopods 3–6, respectively. (E, F) Pleopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 15 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 15. Mothocya parvostis manca (2.96 mm) infesting a yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus juvenile (12.22 mm). (A) Body, dorsal view. (B) Cephalon, ventral view. (C) Pleotelson. (D, E) Pereopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 0.2 mm; D, E = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 12. Mothocya parvostis juvenile (6.89 mm) infesting a yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus juvenile (23.27 mm). (A–E) Pereopods 3–7, respectively. (F, G) Pleopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 11 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 11. Mothocya parvostis juvenile (6.89 mm) infesting a yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus juvenile (23.27 mm). (A) Body, dorsal view. (B) Cephalon, ventral view. (C) Pleotelson. (D, E) Pereopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 10 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 10. Mothocya parvostis juvenile (7.19 mm) infesting a cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae juvenile (50.84 mm). (A–E) Pereopods 3–7, respectively. (F, G) Pleopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 9 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 9. Mothocya parvostis juvenile (7.19 mm) infesting a cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae juvenile (50.84 mm). (A) Body, dorsal view. (B) Cephalon, ventral view. (C) Pleotelson. (D, E) Pereopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 7. Prevalence of the standard-length range of juveniles of cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae and yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus. Diagonal shading bars (red), dot bars (blue), grid bars (green), and plain bars (light blue) indicate the manca-prevalence, juvenile-prevalence, the percentage of fish parasitised by both mancae and juveniles, and non-infested fishes, respectively. The asterisk indicates no data.

Fig. 13 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 13. Mothocya parvostis manca (3.12 mm) infesting a cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae juvenile (14.54 mm). (A) Body, dorsal view. (B) Cephalon, ventral view. (C) Pleotelson. (D, E) Pereopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 0.2 mm; D, E = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 8. Neighbor-joining trees showing seven and eight haplotypes of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA gene infesting juveniles of cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae and yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus along with selected sequences of other cymothoids downloaded from GenBank. Bootstrap values less than 98% are not shown. The accession numbers were deposited in GenBank (under registration).

Fig. 6 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 6. Prevalence, manca-prevalence, and juvenile-prevalence for each sampling day in juveniles of cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae and yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus. Closed circles (green), closed triangles (blue), and closed squares (red) indicate the prevalence, the mancaprevalence, and the juvenile-prevalence, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 4. Scatter plots of the standard length of non-infested and infested fish for each sampling date in juveniles of cobaltcap silverside Hypoatherina tsurugae and yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus. The open circles (black) indicate non-infested fish, and the closed triangles (red) indicate infested fish. The solid lines (black) for non-infested fishes and the broken lines (red) for infested fishes are regression lines.