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Fig. 13 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 13 Cranial and postcranial skeleton of Brachycephalus ephippium at late prehatching stages. a Embryo at TS13, showing a cross section of the lower jaw with ossified squamosals and angulosplenials investing the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage. b Embryo at TS15, showing a cross section through the otic capsule, showing the still slight ossification, and cleared and stained chondrocranium (anterolateral view) and left hand (dorsal view). Histological sections are colored with

Fig. 12 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 12 Postcranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. a Vertebral column and pelvic girdle, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Forelimb, dorsal view. d Hind limb, dorsal view. The inset shows detail of the medial region of articulated pectoral girdle,

Fig. 6 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 6 Skeletal morphology of Haddadus binotatus at TS12. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the suspensorium region, showing the arrangement of the palatoquadrate and ossifications developed. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: as,

Fig. 2 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 2 Development of the nasal region of Oreobates barituensis. a TS14, anteroventral view of the snout. b Hatchling, frontal view of the snout. c Hatchling, serial sections of the nasal region; hematoxylin–eosin staining; nonconsecutive images were selected in order to show main nasal structures, from front (first, left image) to caudal region (last image).

Fig. 1 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 1 Skeletal morphology of Oreobates barituensis at TS12. a Skull dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage with a long pterygoid process. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; ec, epicoracoid; fi, fibulare; h, hyale; hp, hypobranchial plate; hu, humerus; il, ilium; ipc, inferior prenasal

Fig. 8 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 8 Postcranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Vertebral column, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Pelvic girdle, lateral view. d Forelimb, dorsal view. e Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; cl, clavicle; ct, cleithrum; fi, fibulare; il,

Fig. 5 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of auto- and zeugopodium development in Oreobates barituensis. a Forelimb. b Hind limb. The adult configuration is shown at the left, and drawings at the right show the sequential ossification (black segments) of elements. Abbreviations: fi, fibulare; mc, metacarpalia; mt, metatarsalia; p, phalanges; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radius; ra, radiale; ti, tibiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; Y, element Y; 1–5, distal carpalia and tarsalia; I–V, fingers and toes

Fig. 7 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 7 Cranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Skull in dorsal and ventral views. b Detail of the rostral region, frontal view. c Detail of the suspensorium region, showing ossifications in lateral view. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mm, mentomeckelian; mt, maxillary teeth; n, nasal; oc, otic capsule; pm, premaxilla; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal. Scale bars = 1 mm

Fig. 10 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 10 Skeletal morphology of Ischnocnema henselii at TS11–12. a Skull dorsal and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage, showing a primordium of the squamosal. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb,

Fig. 3 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 3 Cranial skeleton of Oreobates barituensis at TS15. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. c Detail of the rostral region, dorsal view. d Detail of the caudal portion of the pterygoid process, dorsal view. Skull ossifications present

Fig. 11 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 11 Cranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. Dorsal, ventral, lateral, and frontal views. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; np, neopalatine; pm, premaxilla; po, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bar = 1 mm

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FIGURE 2 in USING Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) TO UNCOVER DIVERSITY OF WOOD-DECAYING FUNGI IN NEOTROPICAL ATLANTIC FORESTS

FIGURE 2. Relative abundances of reads of fungal genera per study area and metabarcode using 95% sequence similarity with reference sequences in the UNITE database as surrogate for traditional taxonomic generic concepts.

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FIGURE 1 in USING Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) TO UNCOVER DIVERSITY OF WOOD-DECAYING FUNGI IN NEOTROPICAL ATLANTIC FORESTS

FIGURE 1. Genera richness at the levels of phylum, class and order per study area and metabarcode using 95% sequence similarity with reference sequences in the UNITE database as surrogate for traditional taxonomic generic concepts.

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FIGURE 3. Guibourtia hymenaeifolia. A in Revisiting The Taxonomic Diversity Of Guibourtia In The Neotropics (Leguminosae, Detarioideae)

FIGURE 3. Guibourtia hymenaeifolia. A. branch with inflorescences and immature fruits; B. leaflet and detail of the abaxial surface; C. floral bud; D. flower; E. detail of the glabrous ovary; F. immature fruit (A–F: E. L. Ekman 6203(U)) Drawn by Klei Souza.

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FIGURE 2. Guibourtia chodatiana. A in Revisiting The Taxonomic Diversity Of Guibourtia In The Neotropics (Leguminosae, Detarioideae)

FIGURE 2. Guibourtia chodatiana. A. branch with inflorescences; B. leaflet and detail of the abaxial surface; C. floral bud; D. flower; E. immature fruits; F. detail of the epicarp; G. dehiscent fruits; H. fruit with the exposed seed and aril; I. seed (A–C: R. R. Silva & M. V. Silva 1278 (UEC); D: Bernardi 18946 (U); E–I: R. R. Silva & J. S. Velásquez 1222 (UEC)) Drawn by Klei Souza.

Figure 6 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 6. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Stethaprioninae, Pristellinae, Jupiabinae, Tyttobryconinae, and Hyphessobryconinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.

Figure 4 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 4. Phylogeny of Characidae and subfamilies Aphyocharacinae, Cheirodontinae, Exodontinae, Tetragonopterinae, and Characinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.

Figure 3 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 3. Phylogeny of Spintherobolidae and Stevardiidae and subfamilies Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements

Figure 2 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the major clades of Spintherobolidae, Stevardiidae, Characidae, and Acestrorhamphidae based on the 75% complete matrix of 1348 ultraconserved elements (575 taxa; 538 472 bp).

Figure 7 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.