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3,484 results for “Plastics”
Spring temperature drives phenotypic selection on plasticity of flowering time
<p class="western">In seasonal environments, a high responsiveness of development to increasing temperatures in spring can infer benefits in terms of a longer growing season, but also costs in terms of an increased risk of facing unfavourable weather conditions. Still, we know little about how climatic conditions influence the optimal plastic response. Using 22 years of field observations for the perennial forest herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em>, we assessed phenotypic selection on among-individual variation in reaction norms of flowering time to spring temperature, and examined if among-year variation in selection on plasticity was associated with spring temperature conditions. We found significant among-individual variation in mean flowering time and flowering time plasticity, and that plants that flowered earlier also had a more plastic flowering time. Selection favoured individuals with an earlier mean flowering time and a lower thermal plasticity of flowering time. Less plastic individuals were more strongly favoured in colder springs, indicating that spring temperature influenced optimal flowering time plasticity. Our results show how selection on plasticity can be linked to climatic conditions, and illustrate how we can understand and predict evolutionary responses of organisms to changing environmental conditions.<span><span> </span></span></p>
Sex-specific effects of psychoactive pollution on behavioural individuality and plasticity in fish
<p>The global rise of pharmaceutical contaminants in the aquatic environment poses a serious threat to ecological and evolutionary processes. Studies have traditionally focused on the collateral (average) effects of psychoactive pollutants on ecologically-relevant behaviours of wildlife, often neglecting effects among and within individuals, and whether they differ between males and females. We tested whether psychoactive pollutants have sex-specific effects on behavioural individuality and plasticity in guppies (<em>Poecilia</em> <em>reticulata</em>), a freshwater species that inhabits contaminated waterways in the wild. Fish were exposed to fluoxetine (Prozac) for two years across multiple generations before their activity and stress-related behaviour were repeatedly assayed. Using a Bayesian statistical approach that partitions the effects among and within individuals, we found that males—but not females—in fluoxetine-exposed populations differed less from each other in their behaviour (lower behavioural individuality) than unexposed males. In sharp contrast, effects on behavioural plasticity were observed in females—but not in males—whereby exposure to even low levels of fluoxetine resulted in a substantial decrease (activity) and increase (freezing behaviour) in the behavioural plasticity of females. Our evidence reveals that psychoactive pollution has sex-specific effects on the individual behaviour of fish, suggesting that males and females might not be equally vulnerable to global pollutants.</p>
Different Forms of Plasticity Interact in Adult Humans
<p>The data files are all in csv format, organized in columns for each variable and rows for each instance.<br> The column names denote the variables, explained below.</p> <p>---BINOCULAR RIVALRY DATA--- </p> <p>The experiment consisted of reporting the perceived orientation of a Gabor patch. Participants observed two <br> different Gabor patches (counter-clockwise -45° or clockwise 45°) projected separately on their two eyes <br> through a mirror stereoscope. They reported the perceived orientation by pressing the left (counter-clockwise), right (clockwise), or down (mixed) arrow keys.</p> <p>-FILES-<br> data_BR : main experimental cohort<br> data_BR_vc : visual control condition<br> data_BR_wm : working memory control condition</p> <p>-COLUMN NAMES-<br> grating : perceived grating orientation (1 counter-clockwise 45°, 2 clockwise 45°, 3 mixed)<br> trial : trial number (2 total in a block)<br> subtrial : sub-trial number (4 total in a block)<br> position : position of the counter-clockwise grating (1 left, 2 right)<br> perceiving_eye : the eye that is dominating perception at that instance (1 left, 2 right)<br> phase_duration : phase duration in seconds of the perception instance <br> ID : participant ID<br> block : block number (8 total in a session)<br> deprived_eye : code for the deprived eye (1 left, 2 right)<br> logPhaseDur : log10 transformed phase duration<br> session : session code (1 simple, 0 combined, 2 control)</p> <p>---MOTOR SEQUENCE LEARNING DATA---</p> <p>The experiment consisted of tapping four fingers (middle finger excluded) on a response pad, following a <br> sequence displayed on the monitor. The numbers on the sequence correspond to fingers (1 thumb, 2 index, <br> 3 ring, 4 little). Participants practiced two of the sequences for 14 blocks (test sequences) and two <br> others for only 1 block (control sequences) in the initial training. Each hand was trained separately. A <br> retest of two blocks for each of the sequences was done 45 minutes after the initial training per hand.</p> <p>-FILES-<br> data_MSL : main experimental cohort</p> <p>-COLUMN NAMES-<br> part : part number (4 in total: 2 test, 2 control)<br> block : block number (up to 14 for test sequences)<br> trial : trial number (5 in each block)<br> repetition : repetition number (i.e. completion of the sequence, 3 in each trial) <br> RT : reaction time in seconds<br> accuracy : whether the sequence was correct (i.e. no finger tap error) (1 correct, 0 incorrect)<br> ID : participant ID<br> sequence_num : sequence number (1: control, 2 test)<br> used_hand : is this the dominant hand (1 yes, 0 no)<br> first_hand : which is the first-trained hand (1 dominant, 0 non-dominant)<br> hand : which hand is currently used (1 left 2 right)<br> run : run number (1 initial training, 2 retest after 45 minutes)<br> logRT : log10 transformed reaction time<br> session : session code (1 simple, 0 combined)</p> <p>---WORKING MEMORY DATA---</p> <p>The experiment consisted of reporting whether a probe letter belonged to a previously seen set. The set of letters (3, 5, or 7 elements) was flashed (? sec) one by one (ISI ?) and after a 3 second pause a probe was flashed. Participants indicated if the probe belonged to the set by pressing arrow keys (left arrow no, right arrow yes). They received auditory feedback on their accuracy.</p> <p>-FILES-<br> data_WM : working memory control condition</p> <p>-COLUMN NAMES-<br> response : participant's response (1 yes, 0 no)<br> accuracy : accuracy (1 correct, 0 incorrect)<br> block : block number (3 in each run)<br> trial : trial number (30 total in each block)<br> length : set length (3,5 or 7)<br> set : the set of letters shown<br> RT : reaction time in seconds<br> probe : probe letter<br> ID : participant ID<br> run : run number (1-4)<br> logRT : log10 transformed reaction time</p>
Fig. 9 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 9 – Polynomial regression graph between elytra width of Nebria castanea females and the springtail abundance.
Fig. 7 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 7 – Boxplots of elytra width of Nebria castanea females as a function of landform. p-value of N. castanea morphometric analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test, that evaluate the presence of significant differences in body size between landforms with ice (active rock glacier) and without ice (fossil rock glacier and scree slope). Asterisk highlights significant values.
Fig. 3 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 3 – Boxplot of Nebria germarii body parameters as a function of sex (F=female; M=male). p-value of the Kruskal-Wallis tests for N. germarii body size as a function of sex. Asterisk highlights significant values.
Fig. 5 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 5 – PCA analysis graphs. Blue stars=active rock glacier specimens; Gold squares=fossil rock glacier specimens; Green dot=scree slope specimens.
Fig. 6 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 6 – Boxplot of head width of Nebria germarii females as a function of landform. p-value of N. germarii morphometric analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test, that evaluate the presence of significant differences in body size between landforms with ice (active rock glacier) and without ice (fossil rock glacier and scree slope). Asterisk highlights significant values.
Fig. 2 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 2 – Dorsal view of Nebria germarii and representation of the measured body parameters. For the meaning of the letters see the text (Photo by A. Carlin).
Fig. 4 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 4 – Boxplot of Nebria castanea body parameters as a function of sex (F=female; M=male). p-value of the Kruskal-Wallis tests for N. castanea body size as a function of sex. Asterisk highlights significant values.
pLitterStreet - Street Level Plastic Litter Detection Dataset
<p><strong>pLitterStreet</strong> dataset comprises of more than <em>13,000 images</em>. These images were captured using <em>vehicle-mounted cameras</em> that were strategically positioned to focus on the sides of streets. The primary objective of this dataset is to facilitate research related to street litter and its impact on the environment.</p> <p>Annotations for the images are provided in the widely-used Microsoft COCO JSON format. Image in the dataset is fully annotated, enabling the identification and categorization of various types of litter found along urban and rural streets. These annotations include precise labeling of litter items, making the dataset an invaluable resource for developing and evaluating object detection and image recognition models.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity shed light on endemism of rare Boechera perstellata and its potential vulnerability to climate warming
<p>Premise of the study: The rapid pace of contemporary environmental change puts many species at risk, especially rare species constrained by limited capacity to adapt or migrate due to low genetic diversity and/or fitness. But the ability to acclimate can provide another way to persist through change. We compared the capacity of rare <em>Boechera perstellata</em> (Braun's rockcress) and widespread <em>B. laevigata</em> to acclimate to change.</p> <p>Methods: We investigated the phenotypic plasticity of growth, biomass allocation, and leaf morphology of individuals of <em>B. perstellata</em> and <em>B. laevigata</em> propagated from seed collected from several populations throughout their ranges in a growth chamber experiment to assess their capacity to acclimate. Concurrently, we assessed the genetic diversity of sampled populations using 17 microsatellite loci to assess evolutionary potential.</p> <p>Key results: Plasticity was limited in both rare <em>B. perstellata</em> and widespread <em>B. laevigata</em>, but differences in the plasticity of root traits between species suggest that <em>B. perstellata</em> may have less capacity to acclimate to change. In contrast to its widespread congener, <em>B. perstellata</em> exhibited no plasticity in response to temperature and weaker plastic responses to water availability. As expected, <em>B. perstellata</em> also had lower levels of observed heterozygosity than <em>B. laevigata</em> at the species level, but population-level trends in diversity measures were inconsistent due to high heterogeneity among <em>B. laevigata</em> populations.</p> <p>Conclusions: Overall, the ability of phenotypic plasticity to broadly explain the rarity of <em>B. perstellata</em> vs. commonness of <em>B. laevigata </em>is limited. However, some contextual aspects of our plasticity findings compared with its relatively low genetic variability may shed light on the narrow range and habitat associations of <em>B. perstellata</em> and suggest its vulnerability to climate warming due to acclimatory and evolutionary constraints.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 4 Proteus anguinus larva (captive-bred from Tular Cave Laboratory, photograph by Gregor Aljančič) and Salamandra salamandra larva in comparison. Both larvae are about 3 cm in size. Note the difference in size and shape of the head and trunk length, but similarities in presence of eyes and pigmentation. PHOTOGRAPH OF proteus anguinus LARVA BY GREGOR ALJANČIČ AND salamandra salamandra LARVA BY JAMES BURGON
FIGURE 3 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 3 Scanning electron micrographs of the olm's teeth marks on regurgitated salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larvae. Heads of all larvae are facing towards the left. A) Teeth marks (arrowheads) on the dorsal side of the head corresponding to the position of the olm's jaw and B) parallel teeth marks on the left side of the head above the gills (g) of the larvae shown in fig. 2A. C) Teeth marks on the anterior edge of laceration above the left gills (g) and D) above the right eye (e) of the head of the larva shown in fig. 2B and C. (Scale bars represents 500 µm).
FIGURE 1 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 1 Image of an olm (Proteus anguinus) regurgitating a fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larva. A) Image of an olm (22.5 cm of total length), moments before B) it started to regurgitate a salamander larva (3.1 cm of total length). C) shows a close-up of the salamander head and the larva fully regurgitated, with D) showing details of the still alive salamander larva.
Data and R scripts associated with Clark, Moles, Fazlioglu, Brandenburger & Hartley, "Rapid loss of phenotypic plasticity in the introduced range of the beach daisy, Arctotheca populifolia."
<p>Data to accompany article accepted for publication in Journal of Ecology.</p> <p><strong>"Rapid loss of phenotypic plasticity in the introduced range of the beach daisy, <em>Arctotheca populifolia"</em></strong></p> <p>By Charlie D. Clark, Angela T. Moles, Fatih Fazlioglu, Claire R. Brandenburger, & Stephen Hartley</p> <p>1 zip file that contains the following:</p> <p> 2 datasets (xlsx format)</p> <p> 9 R scripts to run the analyses and produce figures</p>
Data from: Thermal plasticity in development and diapause strategy in a temperate butterfly across a latitudinal gradient
<ol> <li>Trade-offs among traits are central to life-history theory and often closely linked to an organism's fitness. Understanding how these trade-offs vary among populations and across environments is therefore important to more accurately predict species' responses to future climate change. However, the extent to which responses vary across populations remains unknown because few studies investigate intraspecific differences. </li> <li>We performed a full-factorial split-brood common garden experiment to test how variation in rearing temperature affects developmental timing and other traits important for survival during diapause in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (<em>Melitaea</em> <em>cinxia</em>). Pre-diapause larvae originating from four regions across a latitudinal cline across Europe were reared at four temperatures (25, 28, 31, and 34 °C), and we used a reaction norm approach to test for evidence of genetic differentiation and variation in developmental plasticity across regions.</li> <li>We found clear signs of genetic differentiation in multiple developmental traits, as well as differences in developmental plasticity. Northern larvae entered diapause in the fourth instar when the temperatures were low, whereas southern larvae did so in the fifth instar. As a result, development time is canalized with regards to temperature in northern larvae: due to entering diapause one stage earlier, they develop fast even in the cold, whereas southern larvae always develop slower, especially at low temperatures. As a trade-off, northern larvae have a lower body mass when reared at cooler temperatures compared to southern larvae, and they show increased plasticity in diapause mass. No clear clinal patterns were found in relative fat content.</li> <li>Our results show that trade-offs between body size, development time and growth rate can vary within species living across environmental clines, possibly as a consequence of natural selection to local environmental conditions or other genetic constraints. This variation highlights the importance of recognising the context-dependency of relationships between important life-history traits and their interactions with local environments in predicting species' responses to climate change.</li> </ol>
The GET insertase exhibits conformational plasticity and induces membrane thinning - The Molecular Dynamics Dataset
<p>The molecular dynamics simulation systems.</p> <p>List of files: </p> <ol> <li><strong>SimulationSystems.pdf</strong>: List of all simulation systems reported and their compositions</li> <li><strong>ProteinComplex.pdb</strong>: The initial model for the hsGet2ΔN-Get1/Get3 complex used in simulations was constructed based on the cryo-EM structure (PDB accession 6SO5). Missing residues (except the terminal ones) were modeled using Modeller.</li> <li><strong>prod.mdp</strong>: The GROMACS molecular dynamics parameters (mdp) file used for all simulations</li> <li><strong>toppar.zip</strong>: The Charmm36(m) force field parameter and topology set used for all simulations generated by CHARMM-GUI.</li> <li>Compressed (zip) files containing simulations inputs and trajectories</li> </ol> <p><strong>1-PC.zip<br> 2-1:4_PI:PC.zip<br> 3-1:4_PE:PC.zip<br> 4-1:4_PS:PC.zip<br> 5-1:4_CL:PC.zip<br> 6-1:4_chol:PC.zip<br> 7-1:1:1:1_PC:PI:PS:PE.zip<br> 8-1:1:1:1:1:1_PC:PDPC:PS:PI:PE:chol.zip</strong></p> <p>Each zip file contains the following files:</p> <ol> <li><strong>System_0ns.pdb</strong>: The initial configuration used for the simulations generated using CHARMM-GUI and equilibrated following the CHARMM-GUI equilibration protocol</li> <li><strong>index.ndx</strong>: GROMACS index file</li> <li><strong>topol.top</strong>: GROMACS topology file</li> <li><strong>prod0.tpr, prod1.tpr, prod2.tpr</strong>: GROMACS run topology files (tpr) for each repeat</li> <li><strong>prod0.gro, prod1.gro, prod2.gro</strong>: The final configuration after 3 μs production runs for each repeat</li> <li><strong>noW_0ns.pdb</strong>: The initial configuration without the water molecules.</li> <li><strong>noW_0.xtc, noW_1.xtc, noW_2.xtc</strong>: The 3 μs processed production trajectories. The water molecules were removed, and the trajectories were subsampled at 1 ns intervals.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Reverse plasticity underlies rapid evolution by clonal selection within populations of fibroblasts propagated on a novel soft substrate
<p>Mechanical properties such as substrate stiffness are a ubiquitous feature of a cell's environment. Many types of animal cells exhibit canonical phenotypic plasticity when grown on substrates of differing stiffness, in vitro and in vivo. Whether such plasticity is a multivariate optimum due to hundreds of millions of years of animal evolution, or instead is a compromise between conflicting selective demands, is unknown. We addressed these questions by means of experimental evolution of populations of mouse fibroblasts propagated for approximately 90 cell generations on soft or stiff substrates. The ancestral cells grow twice as fast on stiff substrate as on soft substrate and exhibit the canonical phenotypic plasticity. Soft-selected lines derived from a genetically diverse ancestral population increased growth rate on soft substrate to the ancestral level on stiff substrate and evolved the same multivariate phenotype. The pattern of plasticity in the soft-selected lines was opposite of the ancestral pattern, suggesting that reverse plasticity underlies the observed rapid evolution. Conversely, growth rate and phenotypes did not change in selected lines derived from clonal cells. Overall, our results suggest that the changes were the result of genetic evolution and not phenotypic plasticity per se. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed consistent differentiation between ancestral and soft-selected populations, and that both emergent phenotypes and gene expression tended to revert in the soft-selected lines. However, the selected populations appear to have achieved the same phenotypic outcome by means of at least two distinct transcriptional architectures related to mechanotransduction and proliferation.</p>
Upcycling a Plastic Cup: One-Pot Synthesis of Lactate Containing Metal Organic Frameworks from Polylactic Acid
<p>Data supporting publication: <strong>Upcycling a plastic cup: one-pot synthesis of lactate containing metal organic frameworks from polylactic acid</strong>, Benjamin Slater, So-On Wong, Andrew Duckworth, Andrew J. P. White, Matthew R. Hill and Bradley P. Ladewig, Chen. Commun. (2019), DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02861g">10.1039/c9cc02861g</a>. </p> <p>Includes raw data for XRD spectra for all materials, CIF file and checkCIF file.</p> <p>v2 includes additional high-resolution photos and diagrams supporting the publication</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.