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Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s).
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i).
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT
Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged "back" face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1 cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and "apical" point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1 cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged "back" face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1 cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and "apical" point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1 cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right.
Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r: in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r:
Text-fig. 10. Carpolithes (a–j). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 10. USNM PAL 772375. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of one face of structure; note adherent mineral material. Longitudinal groove is to right. b: Lateral view of one edge of the structure. c: Opposite view from (b), note groove in upper half of the specimen, facing viewer. d: Apical view. e–j: Carpolithes sp. 11. USNM PAL 772376. Scale bar = 5 mm, micro-CT scan surface views. e: Structure in face view showing central protuberance. f: Same, lateral view. g: Opposite face from (e). h: Opposite face from (f). i: View from one end. j: View from opposite end from (i). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 10. Carpolithes (a–j). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 10. USNM PAL 772375. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of one face of structure; note adherent mineral material. Longitudinal groove is to right. b: Lateral view of one edge of the structure. c: Opposite view from (b), note groove in upper half of the specimen, facing viewer. d: Apical view. e–j: Carpolithes sp. 11. USNM PAL 772376. Scale bar = 5 mm, micro-CT scan surface views. e: Structure in face view showing central protuberance. f: Same, lateral view. g: Opposite face from (e). h: Opposite face from (f). i: View from one end. j: View from opposite end from (i).
Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows).
Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings.
Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere.
Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base
The gut microbiome reflects ancestry despite dietary shifts across a hybrid zone
<p>The microbiome is critical to an organism's phenotype, and its composition is shaped by, and a driver of, eco-evolutionary interactions. We investigated how host ancestry, habitat, and diet shape gut microbial composition in a mammalian hybrid zone that occurs across an ecotone between distinct vegetation communities. We found that habitat is the primary determinant of diet, while host genotype is the primary determinant of the gut microbiome—a finding further supported by intermediate microbiome composition in first generation hybrids. Despite these distinct primary drivers, microbial richness was correlated with diet richness, and individuals that maintained higher dietary richness had greater gut microbial community stability. Both relationships were stronger in the relative dietary generalist of the two parental species. Our findings show that host ancestry interacts with dietary habits to shape the microbiome, ultimately resulting in the organismal phenotypic plasticity that host-microbial interactions allow.</p>
Data for: Do ectomycorrhizal exploration types reflect mycelial foraging strategies?
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Ectomycorrhizal exploration types are commonly assumed to denote spatial foraging patterns and resource-related niches of extraradical mycelia. However, empirical evidence of the consistency of foraging strategies within exploration types is lacking.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Here, we analysed ectomycorrhizal foraging patterns by incubating root-excluding ingrowth mesh bags filled with six different substrates in mature <em>Picea abies </em>forests. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the mesh bags and on adjacent fine roots after one growing season.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Contrary to expectations, many ectomycorrhizal genera of exploration types thought to produce little extraradical mycelium colonised ingrowth bags extensively, whereas genera commonly associated with ample mycelial production occurred sparsely in ingrowth bags relative to their abundance on roots. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Previous assumptions about soil foraging patterns of exploration types do not seem to hold. Instead, we propose that variation in the proliferation of extraradical mycelium is related to intergeneric differences in mycelial longevity and mobility of targeted resources. </span></p>
Data Archive for "Speckle Noise Reduction via Linewidth Broadening for Planetary Laser Reflectance Spectrometers"
<p>This archive contains the raw speckle images and experimental notes for the data contained in the journal article: "Speckle Noise Reduction via Linewidth Broadening for Planetary Laser Reflectance Spectrometers".</p> <p>The data available are:</p> <p>Raw speckle images for each of 5 illumination sources:</p> <ol> <li>Single-Frequence diode (files are named "IPS")</li> <li>Dual Mode pump diode (files are named "II-IV")</li> <li>Fabry Perot didoe (files are names "FP")</li> <li>Superluminescent Diode (files are named "SLD")</li> <li>Whilte light halogen source (files are named "WL")</li> </ol> <p>For each of theses source there are 5 images for each reflectance target, four speckle patterns and one background image with the laser source off. The naming convention is:</p> <p>LaserName_TargetReflectance_Target Rotation State or BKG.tiff</p> <p>For example, IPS_50_2 is the single-frequency laser using the 50% reflectance target and second rotation state of the target.</p> <p>The integration time for each image is give in the file "Experiment Paramters.csv" and was manually change to keep the maximum intensity at roughly 75% saturation.</p> <p>The spectra of the three laser sources presented in the manuscript are also included as .csv files</p>
Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), habitus. Interpretative drawing (a) and photograph (b side, extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (b). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.
Figure 3 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 3. Template for assembly of operative models of right fore- and hind wing reconstructions of Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. See text for abbreviations and colour coding, and Béthoux et al. (2016) for a video tutorial. Assembly instructions: print the whole figure and fold along the grey dashed line; glue inner sides of paper sheet together; cut out wings along their outlines; in the hind wing, imprint the folds with a needle and a ruler; imprint concave folds (purple) on the dorsal side; imprint convex folds (green, orange, and blue) on ventral side; and imprint red fold weakly on both sides. To assist colour-blind readers, folds should be imprinted where represented by a full-colour full line (as opposed to a pale-colour dash-dotted line).
Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), detail of the left hind wing as located in Fig. 1b. Photograph (extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (a) and the same but with interpretative drawing (reproduced from Fig. 1a). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.
North American Coastal Plain PRISMA Surface Reflectance and Mixture Residual Spectra
<p>The data available here include the training and validation spectra for creating the models for the currently unpublished manuscript “Classifying Plant Communities in the North American Coastal Plain with PRISMA Spaceborne Hyperspectral Imagery and the Spectral Mixture Residual." Spectral data contain both raw surface reflectance (SR) and spectral mixture residual spectra (MR) transformed with endmembers and code from Sousa et al.'s (2022) paper titled "The spectral mixture residual: A source of low‐variance information to enhance the explainability and accuracy of surface biology and geology retrievals." Spectra represent averaged 60 m x 60 m areas (2 x 2-pixel window) located in the Red Hills (RH), the Jones Ecological Research Center (JERC), the Ordway-Swisher Biological Station (OSBS), and the Disney Wilderness Preserve (DSNY). To maintain the confidentiality of private property information on behalf of landowners, the locations of the RH plots were intentionally obscured, considering the nature of the region. See manuscript for further details. </p>
FIGURE 12 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging
FIGURE 12. Distribution of the different soft tissue types occurring on the main slab of the Scaphognathus crassirostris holotype IGPB Goldfuss 1304a, illustrated in a modified version of Figure 2A. This Figure functions as a guide for the respective location of the soft part types intensively described in the manuscript and the captions to give an overview about their spatial distribution and their occurrence on the main slab, supported by the interpretative drawings of the soft tissues. Pycnofibre Type 2 (smaller red and yellow circles), Type 3 (orange circle), Type 4 (red rectangle), Type 5 (larger red circle), Type 6 (green circle), aktinofibrils (red ellipse), and putative patagium vessels marked by red transverse lines.
FIGURE 5 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging
FIGURE 5. Close-up RTIViewer snapshots of the region dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column on the main slab, taken under different lighting conditions, but all processed using the specular enhancement mode (except for Figure 5D). Scale bar for all illustrations equals 10 mm. 5A-5B. Caudal region dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column (lower right corner of both images) and next to the semi-circular indent, illustrated under different lighting conditions. 5C. Sketch of Figure 5A and 5B showing the appearance and the orientation of the pycnofibres under normal light. 5D-5E. Pycnofibres dorsal to the first anterior dorsal vertebrae (lower right corner), showing a striking pycnofibre accumulation under normal light (5D) as well as under the specular enhancement mode (5E). Note the spreading of pycnofibres in a radially symmetrical pattern from an arc-like starting point (red arrows, starting point marked by a red arc in 5E-5F). Also, note the branching in the dorsalmost part of the whitish limestone surface (orange circle in 5D-5F). 5F. Interpretative drawing of 5D and 5E, illustrating the arrangement of the pycnofibre impressions under normal light.
FIGURE 8 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging
FIGURE 8. Close-up RTIViewer snapshots of the region ventral to the zeugopodial bones of the right wing on the counter slab, taken under different lighting conditions, but all processed using the specular enhancement mode (except for 8A). Scale bar for all illustrations equals 10 mm, except for 8E (1 mm). Markings for various pycnofibre types used throughout this Figure: the location of aktinofibrils impressions is marked by a red rectangle, the direction in which pycnofibre impressions point is highlighted by red arrows, the Type 2 pycnofibre is illustrated by a red circle. 8A. The whitish amorphous rock surface with pycnofibres between the zeugopodial bones of the right wing (upper right corner) and the first two phalanges of the right wing finger (lower left corner). Note first type pycnofibre impressions (red lines). The locality of overlapping impressions is marked by an orange circle in 8A and 8B (although not well visible in the image). 8B. Idealised sketch of Figure 8A after comparing several RTI images with each other to better visualise the trend of the decreasing abundance of crossing/ overlapping pycnofibres. Note that a trend of opposing impression directions seems to exist in this area of the counter slab (see the two red arrows). 8C. Specular enhancement image depicting the lower image part of 8A encompassing a wider field of vision. Aktinofibrils-like impressions heading for the lower right edge of the image (red arrows within the orange rectangle). 8D. Sketch of 8C. 8E. Enlarged close-up of the Type 2 pycnofibre. A much smaller terminal bifurcation is indicated (red arrow), suggesting that it might even be another type of bifurcated pycnofibre. 8F. Sketch of 8E, illustrating the smaller terminal bifurcation (yellow circle). 8G, 8I. The inconsistent appearance of the pycnofibres directly ventral to the articulation of the metacarpal bones with the phalanges of the right wing finger, taking on interesting shapes depending on the direction of incident light (red oval in 8G and also indicated in 8H). At some places, the pycnofibre impressions cross each other at specific angles (marked by two red angles in 8G and 8I). 8H. Sketch of 8G to highlight the oval shape of an accumulation of impressions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.