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285 results for “Reproduction isolation”
Data from: The accumulation of reproductive isolation in early stages of divergence supports a role for sexual selection
Models of speciation by sexual selection propose that male-female coevolution leads to the rapid evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation. Here, we compare the strength of behavioral isolation to ecological isolation, gametic incompatibility, and hybrid inviability in a group of dichromatic stream fishes. In addition, we examine whether any of these individual barriers, or a combined measure of total isolation, is predicted by body shape differences, male color differences, environmental differences, or genetic distance. Behavioral isolation reaches the highest values of any barrier and is significantly greater than ecological isolation. No individual reproductive barrier is associated with any of the predictor variables. However, marginally significant relationships between male color and body shape differences with ecological and behavioral isolation are discussed. Differences in male color and body shape predict total reproductive isolation between species; hierarchical partitioning of these two variables' effects suggests a stronger role for male color differences. Together, these results suggest an important role for divergent sexual selection in darter speciation but raise new questions about the mechanisms of sexual selection at play and the role of male nuptial ornaments.
Data from: Reproductive isolation in a nascent species pair is associated with aneuploidy in hybrid offspring
Speciation may occur when the genomes of two populations accumulate genetic incompatibilities and/or chromosomal rearrangements that prevent inter-breeding in nature. Chromosome stability is critical for survival and faithful transmission of the genome, and hybridization can compromise this. However, the role of chromosomal stability on hybrid incompatibilities has rarely been tested in recently diverged populations. Here, we test for chromosomal instability in hybrids between nascent species, the 'dwarf' and 'normal' lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). We examined chromosomes in pure embryos, and healthy and malformed backcross embryos. While pure individuals displayed chromosome numbers corresponding to the expected diploid number (2n = 80), healthy backcrosses showed evidence of mitotic instability through an increased variance of chromosome numbers within an individual. In malformed backcrosses, extensive aneuploidy corresponding to multiples of the haploid number (1n = 40, 2n = 80, 3n = 120) was found, suggesting meiotic breakdown in their F1 parent. However, no detectable chromosome rearrangements between parental forms were identified. Genomic instability through aneuploidy thus appears to contribute to reproductive isolation between dwarf and normal lake whitefish, despite their very recent divergence (approx. 15–20 000 generations). Our data suggest that genetic incompatibilities may accumulate early during speciation and limit hybridization between nascent species.
Data from: Strength and variability of postmating reproductive isolating barriers between four European white oak species
The identification and quantification of the relative importance of reproductive isolating barriers is of fundamental importance to understand species maintenance in the face of interspecific gene flow between hybridizing species. Yet, such assessments require extensive experimental fertilisations that are particularly difficult when dealing with more than two hybridizing and long generation time species such as oaks. Here we quantify the relative contribution of four postmating reproductive isolating barriers consisting of two prezygotic barriers (gametic incompatibility, conspecific pollen precedence) and two postzygotic barriers (germination rate, early survival) from extensive controlled pollinations between four oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens and Q. pyrenaica) that have been shown to frequently hybridize in natural populations. We found high variation in the strength of total reproductive isolation between species, ranging from total reproductive isolation to advantage toward hybrid formation. As previously found, Q. robur pollen was unable to fertilize Q. petraea due to a strong reproductive isolating mechanism. On the contrary, Q. pubescens pollen was more efficient at fertilizing Q. petraea than conspecific pollen. Overall, prezygotic barriers contribute far more than postzygotic barriers to isolate species reproductively, suggesting a role for reinforcement in the development of prezygotic barriers. Conspecific pollen precedence reduced hybrid formation when pollen competition was allowed, however presence of conspecific pollen did not totally prevent hybridization. Our results suggest that pollen competition depends on multiple ecological and environmental parameters, including species local abundance, and that it may be of uppermost importance to understand interspecific gene flow among natural multispecies populations.
Data from: The relationship between post-mating reproductive isolation and reinforcement in Phlox
The process of speciation involves the accumulation of reproductive isolation (RI) between diverging lineages. Selection can favor increased RI via the process of reinforcement, whereby costs to hybridization impose selection for increased prezygotic RI. Reinforcement results in phenotypic divergence within at least one taxon, as a result of costly hybridization between sympatric taxa. The strength of selection driving reinforcement is determined by the cost of hybridization and the frequency of hybridization. We investigated the cost of hybridization by quantifying post-mating RI barriers among Phlox species that comprise one of the best-studied cases of reinforcement. We determined if the strength of RI differs among lineages that have and have not undergone reinforcement, how much variability there is within species in RI, and whether RI is associated with phylogenetic relatedness. We found high RI for the species that underwent phenotypic divergence due to reinforcement; however, RI was also high between other species pairs. We found extensive variability in RI among individuals within species, and no evidence that the strength of RI was associated with phylogenetic relatedness. We suggest that phenotypic divergence due to reinforcement is associated with the frequency of hybridization and introgression, and not the cost of hybridization in this clade.
Data from: Patterns of reproductive isolation in a haplodiploid – strong post‐mating, prezygotic barriers among three forms of a social spider mite
In speciation research, much attention is paid to the evolution of reproductive barriers, preventing diverging groups from hybridizing back into one gene pool. The prevalent view is that reproductive barriers evolve gradually as a byproduct of genetic changes accumulated by natural selection and genetic drift in groups that are segregated spatially and/or temporally. Reproductive barriers, however, can also be reinforced by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization. These mutually compatible theories are both empirically supported by studies, analyzing relationships between intensity of reproductive isolation and genetic distance in sympatric taxa and allopatric taxa. Here, we present the – to our knowledge – first comparative study in a haplodiploid organism, the social spider mite Stigmaeopsis miscanthi, by measuring premating and postmating pre- and postzygotic components of reproductive isolation, using three recently diverged forms of the mite that partly overlap in home range. We carried out cross experiments and measured genetic distances (mtDNA and nDNA) among parapatric and allopatric populations of the three forms. Our results show that the three forms are reproductively isolated, despite the absence of premating barriers, and that the postmating, prezygotic component contributes most to reproductive isolation. As expected, the strength of postmating reproductive barriers positively correlated with genetic distance. We did not find a clear pattern of prezygotic barriers evolving faster in parapatry than in allopatry, although one form did show a trend in line with the ecological and behavioral relationships between the forms. Our study advocates the versatility of haplodiploid animals for investigating the evolution of reproductive barriers.
Data from: Assessing reproductive isolation using a contact zone between parapatric lake-stream stickleback ecotypes
Ecological speciation occurs when populations evolve reproductive isolation as a result of divergent natural selection. This isolation can be influenced by many potential reproductive barriers, including selection against hybrids, selection against migrants, and assortative mating. How and when these barriers act and interact in nature is understood for relatively few empirical systems. We used a mark-recapture experiment in a contact zone between lake and stream three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Linnaeus) to evaluate the occurrence of hybrids (allowing inferences about reproductive isolation), the inter-annual survival of hybrids (allowing inferences about selection against hybrids), and the shift in lake-like versus stream-like characteristics (allowing inferences about selection against migrants). Genetic and morphological data suggest the occurrence of hybrids and no selection against hybrids in general, a result contradictory to a number of other studies of sticklebacks. However, we did find selection against more lake-like individuals, suggesting a barrier to gene flow from the lake into the stream. Combined with previous work on this system, our results suggest that multiple (most weakly and often asymmetric) barriers must be combining to yield substantial restrictions on gene flow. This work provides evidence of a reproductive barrier in lake-stream sticklebacks and highlights the value of assessing multiple reproductive barriers in natural contexts.
Data from: Reproductive isolation with a learned trait in a structured population
Assortative mating displays and/or preferences can be affected by learning across a wide range of animal taxa, but the specifics of how this learning affects speciation with gene flow are not well understood. We use population genetic models with trait learning to investigate how the identity of the tutor affects the divergence of a self-referent phenotype-matching trait. We find that oblique learning (learning from unrelated individual of the previous generation) and maternal learning mask sexual selection and therefore do not allow the maintenance of divergence. In contrast, by enhancing positive frequency-dependent sexual selection, paternal learning can maintain more divergence than genetic inheritance, but leads to the loss of polymorphism more easily. Furthermore, paternal learning inhibits the invasion of a novel self-referent phenotype-matching trait, especially in a large population.
Data from: The rate of evolution of postmating-prezygotic reproductive isolation in Drosophila
Reproductive isolation (RI) is an intrinsic aspect of species, as described in the Biological Species Concept. For that reason, the identification of the precise traits and mechanisms of RI, and the rates at which they evolve, is crucial to understanding how species originate and persist. Nonetheless, precise measurements of the magnitude of reproductive isolation are rare. Previous work has measured the rates of evolution of prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to gene flow, yet no systematic analysis has carried out the study of the rates of evolution of postmating-prezygotic (PMPZ) barriers. We systematically measured the magnitude of two barriers to gene flow that act after mating occurs but before zygotic fertilization and also measured a premating (female mating rate in nonchoice experiments) and two postzygotic barriers (hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility) for all pairwise crosses of species within the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. Our results indicate that PMPZ isolation evolves faster than hybrid inviability but slower than premating isolation. We also describe seven new interspecific hybrids in the group. Our findings open up a large repertoire of tools that will enable researchers to manipulate hybrids and explore the genetic basis of interspecific differentiation, reproductive isolation, and speciation.
Data from: Antagonistic coevolution accelerates the evolution of reproductive isolation in Tribolium castaneum
The evolution of reproductive isolation among populations is often the result of selective forces. Among those, parasites exert strong selection on host populations and can thus also potentially drive reproductive isolation. This hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested and, here, we set up a multigenerational coevolution experiment to explore this possibility. Five lines of Tribolium castaneum were allowed to coevolve with their natural parasite, Nosema whitei; five paired lines of identical origin were maintained in the absence of parasites. After 17 generations, we measured resistance within and reproductive isolation between all lines. Host lines from the coevolution treatment had considerable higher levels of resistance against N. whitei than their paired host lines which were maintained in the absence of parasites. Reproductive isolation was greater in the coevolved selection regime and correlated with phenotypic differentiation in parasite resistance between coevolved host lines. This suggests the presence of a selection-driven genetic correlation between offspring number and resistance. Our results show that parasites can be a driving force in the evolution of reproductive isolation, and thus potentially speciation.
Data from: Assessing the contributions of reduced immigrant viability and fecundity to reproductive isolation
Reduced fitness of immigrants from alternative environments is thought to be an important reproductive isolating barrier. Most studies evaluating the importance of the relative fitness of immigrants to speciation have focused on reduced survival of immigrants (i.e., immigrant inviability). However, variation in fecundity appears to have a greater impact on variation in fitness than does variation in viability, suggesting that reduced fecundity of immigrants could act as an important yet largely overlooked reproductive isolating barrier. Using a model and a survey of studies of local adaptation, we evaluate the relative strength of reduced immigrant viability and fecundity as potential causes of reproductive isolation. We found that reduced fecundity as compared to reduced viability as a reproductive isolating barrier should increase in importance as the relative costs of reproduction increase. Consistent with the elevated demands of reproduction reported in the literature, we found that reproductive isolation from reduced immigrant fecundity was of similar magnitude or greater than that from reduced immigrant viability, particularly in the early stages of speciation. These results suggest that the important role of differential fecundity in local adaptation extends to speciation.
Data from: Components of reproductive isolation between Orchis mascula and O. pauciflora
Studies of the strength and nature of reproductive isolation (RI) between species can greatly contribute to our understanding of speciation. Although the role of RI in speciation is well recognized, there is a dearth of information on the contributions of different barriers between related plant species. Here, we estimated multiple components of RI between two Mediterranean orchid sister species (Orchis mascula and Orchis pauciflora), disentangling the strength and absolute contributions of seven different isolating mechanisms. Our survey includes one prepollination, two postpollination prezygotic (pollen–stigma incompatibility, conspecific pollen precedence), two intrinsic postzygotic (embryo mortality and hybrid sterility) and two extrinsic postzygotic (hybrid habitat differentiation and hybrid pollination) isolating mechanisms. We found strong RI between the investigated species, although none of the barriers were able to completely impede gene flow. Five isolating mechanisms contributed positively to the maintenance of species boundaries. Contrary to most surveys of isolating mechanisms, our data speak against a clear predominance of prepollination or of prezygotic barriers but confirm the emerging pattern of multiple barriers contributing to the maintenance of species integrity. These findings suggest an allopatric condition during early phases of species divergence. We discuss our data in the wider context of previous studies carried out in this orchid group by using a comparative approach.
Figure 1 from: Ang Y, Rajaratnam G, Su KFY, Meier R (2017) Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themira lohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera). ZooKeys 698: 95-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411
Figure 1 - Surstyli (dorsal view) for male Themira biloba (A) and Themira "biloba-like" (B). Red arrows indicate basal process on left surstylus; green arrow for basal process on right surstylus.
Figure 3 from: Ang Y, Rajaratnam G, Su KFY, Meier R (2017) Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themira lohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera). ZooKeys 698: 95-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411
Figure 3 - Adult female (A–H), showing lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of habitus (sans abdomen), anterior (C) and ventral (D) views of head capsule, anterior and posterior views of fore leg (E), mid leg (F) and rear leg (G), and ventral view of abdomen (H).
Figure 2 from: Ang Y, Rajaratnam G, Su KFY, Meier R (2017) Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themira lohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera). ZooKeys 698: 95-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411
Figure 2 - Adult male (A–M), showing lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of habitus, anterior (C) and ventral (D) views of head capsule, anterior and posterior views of fore leg (E), mid leg (F) and rear leg (G); ventral view of abdomen (H) showing modified 4th sternites; anterior (I), dorsal (J), left (K) and right (L) views of hypopygium, as well as various views of the penis (M).
Data from: Role of seed germination in adaptation and reproductive isolation in Arabidopsis lyrata
Seed germination is an important developmental and life history stage. Yet, the evolutionary impact of germination has mainly been studied in the context of dormancy, or for its role in reproductive isolation between species. Here, we aim to examine multiple consequences of genetic divergence on germination traits between two Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies: ssp. petraea (Eurasia) and ssp. lyrata (North-America). Post-dormancy germination time, a potentially adaptive trait, showed differentiation between the populations, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping revealed that the trait variation is mainly controlled by two antagonistic loci. These QTL areas contain several candidate genes with known function in post-dormancy germination in A. thaliana. The sequence variation of three genes was consistent with differential selection, and they also included fixed nonsynonymous substitutions with potential to account for the phenotypic differentiation. We further show that the divergence between the subspecies has led to a slight but significant reduction in hybrid germination proportions, indicating incipient reproductive isolation. Comparison of reciprocal F1 and F2 progenies suggest that Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller-incompatibilities likely act through uniparentally inherited factors. Examination of genome-wide transmission ratio distortion further revealed that cytonuclear interactions cause substantial pregermination inviability in the hybrids. These results confirm that seed germination has adaptive potential beyond the dormancy stage and that hybrid seed inviability can be one of the first reproductive barriers to arise during divergence.
Data from: Relationship between genetic distances and postzygotic reproductive isolation in diploid Fragaria (Rosaceae)
Studies of reproductive isolation are important for understanding speciation and species delimitation. We studied seven components of reproductive isolation at different taxonomic and geographical levels and their relationship with genetic distance in diploid Fragaria. Isolation was only evident between different taxa at later stages (post F1 survivorship) not at the earlier ones of fruit and seed set, F1 seed germination and survivorship. Within F. vesca, isolation at the later stages was positively correlated with genetic distance, but this was not found at interspecific levels. The lack of isolation between F. vesca and the other species at the early stages provide the chance for hybrid formation, but high levels of infertility expressed among the offspring can lead to potentially opposing evolutionary outcomes. Within F. vesca, there was evidence of unexpected isolation promoting evolutionary diversification and incipient speciation. Reproductive isolation values between sympatric and allopatric species pairs were similar and indicate a lack of reinforcement in Fragaria. This, combined with the lack of correlation between genetic distance and isolation at interspecific levels shows that genetic distance is not always proportionally correlated with the degree of isolation in plants and suggests that evolutionary processes may be playing differently in plants compared to animals.
Supplementary material 1 from: Kamimura Y, Lee C-Y, Yamasako J, Nishikawa M (2023) Identification and reproductive isolation of Euborellia species (Insecta, Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) from East and Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1146: 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.98248
The samples and results of the crossing experiments
Supplementary material 3 from: Kamimura Y, Lee C-Y, Yamasako J, Nishikawa M (2023) Identification and reproductive isolation of Euborellia species (Insecta, Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) from East and Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1146: 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.98248
Species and the collection sites of the Dermaptera samples sequenced in this study
Supplementary material 2 from: Kamimura Y, Lee C-Y, Yamasako J, Nishikawa M (2023) Identification and reproductive isolation of Euborellia species (Insecta, Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) from East and Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1146: 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.98248
The specimens and results of morphological measurements
Data from: Wolbachia in the spittlebug Prosapia ignipectus: variable infection frequencies, but no apparent effect on host reproductive isolation
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