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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Geomorphology shapes relationships between animal communities and ecosystem function in large rivers
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Understanding how the Earth's surface (i.e., 'nature's stage') influences connections between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) is a central objective in ecology. Despite recent calls to examine these connections at multiple trophic levels and at more complex and realistic scales, little is known about how landscape structure shapes BEF relationships among animal communities in nature. We coupled high-resolution habitat mapping with extensive field sampling to quantify connections among the geophysical habitat templet, invertebrate assemblages, and secondary production in two large North American riverscapes. Patterns of sediment size governed invertebrate assemblage structure, with particularly strong effects on composition, richness, and taxonomic and functional diversity. These relationships propagated to drive positive relationships between biodiversity and secondary production that were modified by scale, context-dependencies, and anthropogenic modification. Finally, leveraging spatially explicit descriptions of geophysical and biological properties, we uncovered distinct and nested spatial scales of biodiversity and secondary production, and suggest that multiple geophysical processes simultaneously influence these patterns at different scales. Together, our findings advance our understanding of relationships between the physical templet and patterns of BEF, and help to predict </span>how perturbations to the Earth's surface may propagate to influence biodiversity and energy flux through food webs.<span> </span></p>
Data and analysis from: Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays
<p>An important challenge in ecology is to understand variation in species' maximum intrinsic rate of population increase, 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub>, not least because 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub> underpins our understanding of the limits of fishing, recovery potential, and ultimately extinction risk. Across many vertebrate species, terrestrial and aquatic, body mass and environmental temperature are important correlates of 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub>. In sharks and rays, specifically, 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub> is known be lower in larger species, but also in deep-sea ones.</p> <p>We use an information-theoretic approach that accounts for phylogenetic relatedness to evaluate the relative importance of body mass, temperature and depth on 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub>. We show that both temperature and depth have separate effects on shark and ray 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub> estimates, such that species living in deeper waters have lower 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub>. Furthermore, temperature also correlates with changes in the mass scaling coefficient, suggesting that as body size increases, decreases in 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub> are much steeper for species in warmer waters.</p> <p>These findings suggest that there are (as-yet understood) depth-related processes that limit the maximum rate at which populations can grow in deep sea sharks and rays. While the deep ocean is associated with colder temperatures, other factors that are independent of temperature, such as food availability and physiological constraints, may influence the low 𝑟<sub>𝑚𝑎𝑥</sub> observed in deep sea sharks and rays. Our study lays the foundation for predicting the intrinsic limit of fishing, recovery potential, and extinction risk species based on easily accessible environmental information such as temperature and depth, particularly for data-poor species.</p> <p>This repository contains the data and a minimum working example of the model-fitting process used for the article "Body mass, temperature, and depth shape productivity in sharks and rays", which is currently in press at <em>Ecology and Evolution</em>.</p>
Neural Puppeteer: Keypoint-Based Neural Rendering of Dynamic Shapes (Dataset)
<p>This data entry contains the <strong>synthetic data </strong>from<strong> </strong>the<strong> <a href="https://urs-waldmann.github.io/NePu/docs/nepu_paper.pdf">Neural Puppeteer ACCV 2022 paper</a></strong>.</p> <p>This data entry contains a public release of the synthetic data from the Neural Puppeteer paper. The data contains synthetic cow, giraffe, human and pigeon data. We provide depth maps, RGB images, silhouettes and 3D keypoints. We also provide the camera parameters of the 24 camera views (56 in case of pigeons). The data was rendered in Blender by Ole Johannsen.</p>
Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Comparing divergence in quantitative tr</span><span>aits and neutral m</span><span>olecular markers, such as <em>Q</em><sub>ST</sub><em>–F</em><sub>ST</sub> comparisons, provides a means to distinguish between natural selection and genetic drift as causes of population differentiation in complex polygenic traits. </span><em>Onithochiton neglectus</em> (Rochebrune, 1881) is a morphologically variable chiton endemic to New Zealand, with populations distributed over a broad latitudinal environmental gradient. In this species, the morphological variants cluster into two geographically separated shell shape groups, and the phenotypic variation in shell shape has been hypothesised to be adaptive. Here, we assessed this hypothesis by comparing neutral genomic differentiation between populations (<em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em><span>)</span> with an index of phenotypic differentiation (<em>P<sub>ST</sub></em>). We used 7,562 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 15 populations and three clades of <em>O. neglectus</em> throughout New Zealand to infer <em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em>. <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> was calculated from 18 shell shape traits and gave highly variable estimates across populations, clades and shape groups. By systematically comparing <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> with <em>F<sub>ST</sub></em><sub>,</sub> we identified evidence of local adaptation in a number of the <em>O. neglectus </em>shell shape traits. This <span>supports the hypothesis that shell shape could be an adaptive trait, potentially correlated with the ability to live and raft in kelp holdfasts.</span></p>
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of seeds of ericalean affinity (a–d) and seeds of uncertain affinity (e–i) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Protovisnea sp. 1, rounded seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3177; b: Protovisnea sp. 2, angular seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3179; c, d: Eurya crassitesta, one seed split into two parts, no. NM-F 3211, c – surface cells of the seed coat are palisade, d – cross-section of the seed; e: Nympheaceae sp. 1, seed, no. NM-F 3636; f: Nympheaceae sp. 2, seed, no. NM-F 4634; g: Klikovispermum sp.1, seeds with irregular outline and smooth outer surface, no. NM-F 3203; h: Klikovispermum malechii, seed with an orange-segment shape, no. NM-F 3299; i: Taxon 35, seed, no. NM-F 3236. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of seeds of ericalean affinity (a–d) and seeds of uncertain affinity (e–i) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Protovisnea sp. 1, rounded seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3177; b: Protovisnea sp. 2, angular seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3179; c, d: Eurya crassitesta, one seed split into two parts, no. NM-F 3211, c – surface cells of the seed coat are palisade, d – cross-section of the seed; e: Nympheaceae sp. 1, seed, no. NM-F 3636; f: Nympheaceae sp. 2, seed, no. NM-F 4634; g: Klikovispermum sp.1, seeds with irregular outline and smooth outer surface, no. NM-F 3203; h: Klikovispermum malechii, seed with an orange-segment shape, no. NM-F 3299; i: Taxon 35, seed, no. NM-F 3236.
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d–f) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) of capsular fruits composed of three carpels fruits and fragment of a capsular fruit from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Taxon 12, a – capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F3302, b – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3302, c – tricarpellate capsules with pentamerous calyx, no. NM-F3302; d, e: Taxon 13, d – tricarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4501, e – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 4501; f: Taxon 11, fragment of a capsular fruit, no. NM-F 4622. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d–f) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) of capsular fruits composed of three carpels fruits and fragment of a capsular fruit from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Taxon 12, a – capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F3302, b – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3302, c – tricarpellate capsules with pentamerous calyx, no. NM-F3302; d, e: Taxon 13, d – tricarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4501, e – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 4501; f: Taxon 11, fragment of a capsular fruit, no. NM-F 4622.
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Normapolles flowers/fruits from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Budvaricarpus serialis, aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by a common bract (br – bract, hp – hypanthium), no. NM-F 3160; b: Budvaricarpus sp., aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by several bracts, no. NM-F 3619; c: Caryanthus trebecnsis, reproductive unit consists of three bisexual, epigynous flowers/young fruits, no. NM-F 3286; d: Dahlergeniantus sp., hypogynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4495; e: Calathiocarpus sp., epigynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4631; f: Caryanthus sp. 1, ribbed fruit–nut of deltoid shape, no. NM-F 3208; g: Zlivifructus vachae, bisymmetrical flower with four tepals and four stamens, no. NM-F 3172; h: Taxon 3, ribbed fruit of Normapolles affinity, no. NM-F 3724. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Normapolles flowers/fruits from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Budvaricarpus serialis, aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by a common bract (br – bract, hp – hypanthium), no. NM-F 3160; b: Budvaricarpus sp., aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by several bracts, no. NM-F 3619; c: Caryanthus trebecnsis, reproductive unit consists of three bisexual, epigynous flowers/young fruits, no. NM-F 3286; d: Dahlergeniantus sp., hypogynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4495; e: Calathiocarpus sp., epigynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4631; f: Caryanthus sp. 1, ribbed fruit–nut of deltoid shape, no. NM-F 3208; g: Zlivifructus vachae, bisymmetrical flower with four tepals and four stamens, no. NM-F 3172; h: Taxon 3, ribbed fruit of Normapolles affinity, no. NM-F 3724.
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of non-angiosperm remains (a–d) and insect remains (e–f) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Eopolytrichium sp. small leafy shoot, no. NM-F 3631; b: Taxon 1, single tip of a young fern frond with circinate vernation, no. NM-F 4130; c: Taxon 2, fern with simple leaves and circinate vernation, no. NM-F 3459; d: Pagiophyllum sp., small needle-like leaf, no. NM-F 4132; e: Microcarpolithes hexagonalis, a faecal pellet/coprolite with subcylindrical shape, no. NMF 4520; f: Palaeoaldrovanda splendens, pieces of compact walls formed by rectangular cells, no. NM-F 3237. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of non-angiosperm remains (a–d) and insect remains (e–f) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Eopolytrichium sp. small leafy shoot, no. NM-F 3631; b: Taxon 1, single tip of a young fern frond with circinate vernation, no. NM-F 4130; c: Taxon 2, fern with simple leaves and circinate vernation, no. NM-F 3459; d: Pagiophyllum sp., small needle-like leaf, no. NM-F 4132; e: Microcarpolithes hexagonalis, a faecal pellet/coprolite with subcylindrical shape, no. NMF 4520; f: Palaeoaldrovanda splendens, pieces of compact walls formed by rectangular cells, no. NM-F 3237.
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091.
Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).
Text-fig. 17. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: the scales of oblong shape on the lateral side of the body, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; b: drawing of the scales with fine denticles on their posterior edge, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307; c, d: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the scales of lateral side of the body, two times large scales occur in the rows 14, 16, 17, 19 (they are marked with arrows), locality Otovice "Černý potok", NM-M 4912; e: lepidotrichia of the anal fin with sigmoidal sutures between the segments (marked by arrows), locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; f: anterior edge of the dorsal fin and lepidotrichia with sigmoidal sutures between the segments, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; g: anterior edge of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; h: the caudal peduncle with begin of bifurcation of the dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 17. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: the scales of oblong shape on the lateral side of the body, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; b: drawing of the scales with fine denticles on their posterior edge, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307; c, d: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the scales of lateral side of the body, two times large scales occur in the rows 14, 16, 17, 19 (they are marked with arrows), locality Otovice "Černý potok", NM-M 4912; e: lepidotrichia of the anal fin with sigmoidal sutures between the segments (marked by arrows), locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; f: anterior edge of the dorsal fin and lepidotrichia with sigmoidal sutures between the segments, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; g: anterior edge of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; h: the caudal peduncle with begin of bifurcation of the dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931.
Text-fig. 2. CT slices on Block 2. Details of other skeletal parts (a). The familiar shape of an ammonite (a, c). Holes, cracks and empty cavities in both the limestone matrix and within the vertebrate fossil (b, c). Heterogeneity of the 'tuffeau' limestone, the more porous areas of the matrix clearly distinguishable from the more compact ones (c). Ferric nodules (c). in Hidden Treasures Uncovered: Successful Detection Of Fossils Below The Surface In Large Limestone Blocks Using A Standard Medical X-Ray Ct Scanner
Text-fig. 2. CT slices on Block 2. Details of other skeletal parts (a). The familiar shape of an ammonite (a, c). Holes, cracks and empty cavities in both the limestone matrix and within the vertebrate fossil (b, c). Heterogeneity of the 'tuffeau' limestone, the more porous areas of the matrix clearly distinguishable from the more compact ones (c). Ferric nodules (c).
Text-fig. 9. a: Arenicolites isp., BK 13, Layer No. 6; b–f: Bifungites isp., a set of specimens showing variability in chamber shape, b – field photograph, Layer No. 23, c – field photograph, Layer No. 23, d – field photograph, Layer No. 23, e – parallel-orientated specimens, field photograph, Layer No. 23, f – field photograph, Layer No. 23; g: Didymaulichnus isp., convex epirelief, field photograph, Layer No. 1. Scale bar = 1 cm. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 9. a: Arenicolites isp., BK 13, Layer No. 6; b–f: Bifungites isp., a set of specimens showing variability in chamber shape, b – field photograph, Layer No. 23, c – field photograph, Layer No. 23, d – field photograph, Layer No. 23, e – parallel-orientated specimens, field photograph, Layer No. 23, f – field photograph, Layer No. 23; g: Didymaulichnus isp., convex epirelief, field photograph, Layer No. 1. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar.
Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).
Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o).
Text-fig. 6. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. from the London Clay. a–f: Holotype, V. 23002, bilocular fruit. a–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a: Apical view. b: Basal view. c: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. d: lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. e, f: Digital sections from micro-CT data. e: transverse equatorial showing U-shaped locules and distinct dark endocarp (arrows). f: Median longitudinal intercepting both locules. g: lateral view of bilocular fruit with interlocular septum facing forward. V. 23013(3). h: Apical view of bilocular fruit with two exposed locule casts, V. 23013(1). i–l: Fruits in physical transverse section showing U-shaped locules and distinct locule lining. i: Bilocular fruit shown in (g). j: Bilocular fruit, V. 23007. k: Fruit with one locule larger than the other, V. 23006. l: Tetralocular fruit, V. 22993. Scale bar 5 mm in (a–l), bar in (a) applies also to (b–d), bar in (e) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to (i–l). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 6. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. from the London Clay. a–f: Holotype, V. 23002, bilocular fruit. a–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a: Apical view. b: Basal view. c: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. d: lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. e, f: Digital sections from micro-CT data. e: transverse equatorial showing U-shaped locules and distinct dark endocarp (arrows). f: Median longitudinal intercepting both locules. g: lateral view of bilocular fruit with interlocular septum facing forward. V. 23013(3). h: Apical view of bilocular fruit with two exposed locule casts, V. 23013(1). i–l: Fruits in physical transverse section showing U-shaped locules and distinct locule lining. i: Bilocular fruit shown in (g). j: Bilocular fruit, V. 23007. k: Fruit with one locule larger than the other, V. 23006. l: Tetralocular fruit, V. 22993. Scale bar 5 mm in (a–l), bar in (a) applies also to (b–d), bar in (e) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to (i–l).
Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k).
Text-fig. 4. Mastixia cf. oregonensis (R.A.SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD from the London Clay, originally included within the concept of M. cantiensis. a–c: V. 22960(1). a: Transverse fracture, showing c-shaped locule, dorsal infold, and sculptured endocarp, reflected light. b: Transverse digital section from micro-CT scan data. c: Surface view of ribbed endocarp extracted from micro-CT data. d: Transverse fracture, reflected light, V. 22955 (originally illustrated in pl. 25, fig. 4 of Reid and Chandler 1933). e, f: Transverse physical section, V. 22963(2) showing U-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. g–i reflected light. g: Detail from left of (d). h, i: Detail from right of (f). Scale bars 5 mm in (a–f), 1 mm in (g–i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 4. Mastixia cf. oregonensis (R.A.SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD from the London Clay, originally included within the concept of M. cantiensis. a–c: V. 22960(1). a: Transverse fracture, showing c-shaped locule, dorsal infold, and sculptured endocarp, reflected light. b: Transverse digital section from micro-CT scan data. c: Surface view of ribbed endocarp extracted from micro-CT data. d: Transverse fracture, reflected light, V. 22955 (originally illustrated in pl. 25, fig. 4 of Reid and Chandler 1933). e, f: Transverse physical section, V. 22963(2) showing U-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. g–i reflected light. g: Detail from left of (d). h, i: Detail from right of (f). Scale bars 5 mm in (a–f), 1 mm in (g–i).
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