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1,217 results for “circadian”
Data from: Costs of sleeping in: circadian rhythms influence cuckoldry risk in a songbird
1. Circadian (i.e. daily) regulation of behaviors is thought to provide fitness benefits to organisms by enabling them to anticipate diel changes in the environment, such as sunrise. 2. A common behavior among socially monogamous songbirds that usually takes place in the early mornings is extra-pair mating, i.e. copulating with partners outside of the social pair bond. 3. Thus, variation in when individuals begin their daily activity may influence their reproductive success; early risers may be better able to gain copulations guard their partners thus minimizing their risk of being cuckolded compared to late risers. Sexual selection may thus play an important role in shaping circadian behaviors, but this assumption has yet to be tested in free-living animals. 4. Here we experimentally weakened endogenous circadian rhythmicity and thus anticipation of dawn in male great tits (Parus major) in the wild through the subcutaneous administration of implants filled with melatonin shortly before egg-laying began in this population; melatonin is a hormone released during the dark phase of the day, and is one important cue animals use to entrain their circadian clock. 5. Experimental individuals delayed onset of daily activity compared with controls, and were more likely to be cuckolded compared with control males. Manipulation did not alter other behavioral traits observed; no difference between treatments was observed in activity levels during the day or in the end time of daily activity. 6. These results strongly support the assumption that selection, particularly sexual selection, shapes circadian phenotypes of wild vertebrates which enable anticipation of important and predictive diel changes in an individual's biotic and abiotic environment.
Data from: Differential phasing between circadian clocks in the brain and peripheral organs in humans
The daily timing of mammalian physiology is coordinated by circadian clocks throughout the body. Although measurements of clock gene expression indicate that these clocks in mice are normally in phase with each other, the situation in humans remains unclear. We used publicly available data from five studies, comprising over 1000 samples, to compare the phasing of circadian gene expression in human brain and human blood. Surprisingly, after controlling for age, clock gene expression in brain was phase-delayed by ~8.5 h relative to that of blood. We then examined clock gene expression in two additional human organs and in organs from nine other mammalian species, as well as in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In most tissues outside the SCN, the expression of clock gene orthologs showed a phase difference of ~12 h between diurnal and nocturnal species. The exception to this pattern was human brain, whose phasing resembled that of the SCN. Our results highlight the value of a multi-tissue, multi-species meta-analysis, and have implications for our understanding of the human circadian system.
Data from: Evolution to environmental contamination ablates the circadian clock of an aquatic sentinel species
Environmental contamination is a common cause of rapid evolution. Recent work has shown that Daphnia pulex, an important freshwater species, can rapidly evolve increased tolerance to a common contaminant, sodium chloride (NaCl) road salt. While such rapid evolution can benefit organisms, allowing them to adapt to new environmental conditions, it can also be associated with unforeseen tradeoffs. Given that exposure to environmental contaminants can cause circadian disruption, we investigated whether the circadian clock was affected by evolving a tolerance to high levels of road salt. By tracking the oscillations of a putative clock gene, period, we demonstrated that D. pulex express per mRNA with approximately 20-hour oscillations under control conditions. This putative circadian rhythm was ablated in response to high levels of salinity; populations adapted to high NaCl concentrations exhibited an ablation of period oscillation. Moreover, we showed that while gene expression is increased in several other genes, including clock, actin, and Na+/K+-ATPase, upon the adaptation to high levels of salinity, per expression is unique among the genes we tracked in that it is the only gene repressed in response to salt adaptation. These results suggest that rapid evolution of salt tolerance occurs with the tradeoff of suppressed circadian function. The resultant circadian disruption may have profound consequences to individuals, populations, and aquatic food webs by affecting species interactions. In addition, our research suggests that circadian clocks may also be disrupted by the adaptation to other environmental contaminants.
Data from: Neural correlates of individual differences in circadian behavior
Daily rhythms in mammals are controlled by the circadian system, which is a collection of biological clocks regulated by a central pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. Changes in SCN function have pronounced consequences for behaviour and physiology; however, few studies have examined whether individual differences in circadian behaviour reflect changes in SCN function. Here, PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice were exposed to a behavioural assay to characterize individual differences in baseline entrainment, rate of re-entrainment and free-running rhythms. SCN slices were then collected for ex vivo bioluminescence imaging to gain insight into how the properties of the SCN clock influence individual differences in behavioural rhythms. First, individual differences in the timing of locomotor activity rhythms were positively correlated with the timing of SCN rhythms. Second, slower adjustment during simulated jetlag was associated with a larger degree of phase heterogeneity among SCN neurons. Collectively, these findings highlight the role of the SCN network in determining individual differences in circadian behaviour. Furthermore, these results reveal novel ways that the network organization of the SCN influences plasticity at the behavioural level, and lend insight into potential interventions designed to modulate the rate of resynchronization during transmeridian travel and shift work..
Figure 6 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 6 - Stygobromus allegheniensis has continuous light avoidance behavior which does not appear to follow circadian rhythmicity. White boxes indicate illuminated conditions.
Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 3 - Variability in motor rhythms while in continuous darkness in three Ice Cave individuals (A–C) and four Clarksville Cave individuals (D–G) tested in the laboratory. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.
Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 2 - Experimental protocol and representative motor rhythms of one individual. Ice Cave individuals were subjected in the laboratory to the following conditions: Five half-cycles of darkness, followed by two cycles of light/dark during normal day/night schedules, followed by two cycles of dark/light during reverse day/night schedules, followed by a half-cycle of darkness. Black boxes indicate dark conditions while white boxes represent illuminated conditions. Movements were evaluated for each 10-minute period.
Figure 7 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 7 - Specimens from Clarksville Cave (A–C) and the Ice Cave (D–F) studied in the natural environment of the cave. Under continuous darkness, most specimens had periods of activity with no clear indication of periodicity. Only in one of them (E) there was an apparent 12 hour rest period. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.
Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 1 - Adult and juvenile specimens of Stygobromus allegheniensis from Ice Cave #1 at Sam's Point Preserve. As is typical of cave-adapted organisms, this species is depigmented, has long appendages, and is fully eyeless. Nonetheless, it can detect light and actively avoids it.
Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 4 - Motor activity followed periods of light or darkness regardless of the time of the day. Individuals on the left (A–C) are the same as individuals on the right (A'–C'). Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness and white boxes indicate illuminated conditions.
Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 5 - Entrainment by light is apparently not functioning in the Ice Cave (A–C and A'–C') and Clarksville Cave (D–G) populations. In Stygobromus allegheniensis, the second dark period lacks the anticipation and synchronization of a period of activity, which is a hallmark of organisms possessing a light-entrained circadian rhythm. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness and white boxes indicate illuminated conditions.
Model integration of circadian and sleep-wake driven contributions to rhythmic gene expression reveals distinct regulatory principles
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Figures 1-6 from: Fabio-Braga AP, Klein W (2018) Temperature and circadian effects on metabolic rate of South American echimyid rodents, Trinomys setosus and Clyomys bishopi (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Zoologia 35: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24572
Figures 1-6 Relationship between O2 consumption (mLO2.g-1.h-1) and environmental temperature (°C) in T. setosus (1) and C. bishopi (2), as well as relationship between O2 consumption (mLO2.g-1.h-1) and time of day in T. setosus (3) and C. bishopi (5) and relationship between CO2 production (mLCO2.g-1.h-1) and time of day in T. setosus (4) and C. bishopi (6). Bars indicate the respective phase of the inverted photocycle, dark (black) or light (white). Values represent mean and standard error (mean ± SE)
Data from: Effects of 4-Hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107) on liver transcriptome in rats: implication in the disruption of circadian rhythm and fatty acid metabolism
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) have been detected in tissues of both wild animals and humans. Several previous studies have suggested adverse effects of OH-PCBs on the endocrine and nervous systems in mammals. However, there have been no studies on transcriptome analysis of the effects of OH-PCBs, and thus, the whole picture and mechanisms underlying the adverse effects induced by OH-PCBs are still poorly understood. We therefore investigated the mRNA expression profile in the liver of adult male Wistar rats treated with 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107) to explore the genes responsive to OH-PCBs and to understand the potential effects of the chemical. Next-generation RNA sequencing analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm and fatty acid metabolism, such as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (Nr1d1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Arntl), cryptochrome circadian clock 1 (Cry1), and enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh), in 4-OH-CB107-treated rats. In addition, biochemical analysis of the plasma revealed a dose-dependent increase in the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), indicating the onset of liver damage. These results suggest that OH-PCB exposure may induce liver injury as well as disrupt the circadian rhythm and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-related fatty acid metabolism.
thyroid hormone pathway and circadian clock genes
<p>thyroid hormone pathway and circadian clock genes</p>
Fig. 5 in Modulation of cellular circadian clocks by triterpenoids
Fig. 5. Celastrol reset the circadian clocks in U2OS, NIH3T3, and mouse tissue explants.
Fig. 2 in Modulation of cellular circadian clocks by triterpenoids
Fig. 2. Effects of corosolic acid and analogues on circadian clocks in U2OS cells.
Fig. 3. Cucurbitacin B in Modulation of cellular circadian clocks by triterpenoids
Fig. 3. Cucurbitacin B resets the circadian clocks in U2OS, NIH3T3, and mouse tissue explants.
Fig. 4 in Modulation of cellular circadian clocks by triterpenoids
Fig. 4. (continued).
Fig. 7 in Modulation of cellular circadian clocks by triterpenoids
Fig. 7. Relationship between the structures of celastrol and its analogues and clock modulation.
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