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FIGURE 1 in Forelimb motion and orientation in the ornithischian dinosaurs Styracosaurus and Thescelosaurus, and its implications for locomotion and other behavior
FIGURE 1. Right pectoral girdle and forelimb bones of the holotype of Styracosaurus albertensis (CMN 344) and motion at the shoulder. A. Right scapula and coracoid in lateral view. B–D. Humerus in lateral (B), posterior (C), and anterior (D) views, with broken white line indicating edge of humeral head. E–F. Radius and ulna in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. G. Range of parasagittal motion at the shoulder in lateral view. H. Range of motion at the shoulder in dorsal view. I. Range of transverse motion at the shoulder in anterior view, with radius and ulna included; the broken line indicates the humerus in the approximate position of full elevation through the transverse plane, and the unbroken line indicates the humerus in the position that was used for photographing it in position 3. J. Range of parasagittal and transverse motion at the shoulder in lateral view, with radius and ulna included. K–M. Fleshed out reconstructions of S. albertensis in anterior view in habitual posture for standing and locomotion (K), in anterior view with forelimbs in sprawling posture (L), and in lateral view with forelimbs in habitual posture for standing and locomotion (M). 1 – 3, positions 1 – 3 (see Materials and Methods for description), c, coracoid; g, glenoid cavity; h, humerus; hh, humeral head; r, radius; s, scapula; u, ulna.
FIGURE 2 in Forelimb motion and orientation in the ornithischian dinosaurs Styracosaurus and Thescelosaurus, and its implications for locomotion and other behavior
FIGURE 2. Right pectoral girdle and forelimb bones of Thescelosaurus sp. (NCSM 15728) and motion at the shoulder. A. Right scapulocoracoid in lateral view. B–D. Humerus in lateral (B), posterior (C), and anterior (D) views, with broken white line indicating edge of humeral head. E–F. Radius and ulna in proximal (E) and medial (F) views. G. Motion at the shoulder in lateral view. H. Transverse motion at the shoulder in anterior view. I–J, Skeletons of Thescelosaurus sp. NCSM 15728 (I) and CMN 8537 (J), showing that the curvature of the anterior dorsal vertebrae positions the forelimb such that it can reach the ground when the sacrum is horizontal. K, Tracing of several of the bones of CMN 8537 (vertebral centra, femur, tibia + fibula + proximal tarsals, metatarsus + distal tarsal, scapulocoracoid, humerus, radius + ulna, and carpus + metacarpus), with corrections of the dislocations at the hip and posterior dorsum in the preserved skeleton, and with heavy lines representing the long axis of the sacrum and the surface of the ground, showing that the forelimb can reach the ground and can also be retracted to avoid the ground during bipedal locomotion. L, Fleshed-out reconstruction of Thescelosaurus sp. posed as in K. 1–3, positions 1–3 (see Materials and Methods for description), c, coracoid; ca, carpals; g, glenoid cavity; h, humerus; hh, humeral head; r, radius; s, scapula; u, ulna.
FIGURE 3 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology
FIGURE 3. (A-E) Teeth SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 1a–5a in mesial (left) and lingual (right) view. All scale bars equal 1 cm.
FIGURE 1 in Injured trilobites within a collection of dinosaurs: Using the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology to document Cambrian predation
FIGURE 1. Gabriellus kierorum specimens from the (?)Rosella Formation. A, B. Gabriellus kierorum with truncation of left pleural spines on the fifth and sixth thoracic segment (TMP.1983.021.0034). A: Complete specimen. B: Close up of abnormality (white arrows). C–E: Gabriellus kierorum with bilaterally expressed thoracic abnormalities (TMP.1983.021.0039). C: Complete specimen. D: Close up of abnormality on the left side of the specimen (white arrows) and the partly recovered spine (black arrow). E: Close up of abnormality on the right side of the specimen (white arrows).
Fig. 4. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 4. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. Latex cast of ischia (small slab, both ischia are exposed in lateral view, anterior is to the right). Note the pronounced bend along the dorsal edge of the bone (arrows). Sacral and caudal centra between the ischia are exposed in ventral view.
Fig. 5 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 5. Thoracic ribs of Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905, NSM PV 20425 from the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Buffalo, South Dakota, USA, in posterior view. A. Left rib for p11. B. Right rib for p12. C. Left rib for p15. D. Right rib for p18.
Fig. 8 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 8. Thoracic kinematics in the Tyrannosauridae. A. Skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in dorsal and left lateral views (reconstruction courtesy of Takashi Oda), showing the level of p15 (broken line). Arrows indicate movements of ribs during inspiration. B. Transverse section of the tyrannosaurid ribcage at the level of p15 in posterior view. Large three−dimensional arrows indicate the costal rotation during the shift from the expiration (white ribs) to the inspiration (shaded ribs) modes. Small plane arrows indicate the projections of the movements on the transverse plane. The rotational axis for the rib and the rib outline are based on RTMP 2001.36.01 (Daspletosaurus torosus).
Fig. 2 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 2. Costovertebral articulation with soft tissues in Darwin's Rhea Rhea pennata d'Orbigny, 1834, KPM−NF2001026. The articulation between the 19th presacral vertebra (5th thoracic vertebra in Mivart 1877) and the left rib are shown. A. Ventral view. B. Line drawing of A. C. Schematic the axis of costal rotation. D. Skeleton after removal of soft tissues.
Fig. 3. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 3. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. Latex casts of sacral region. A. Large slab, dorsal view. B. Small slab, ventral view. Abbreviations: na, neural arches and spines; s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, sacral centra;?s6, possible 6th sacral centrum (may instead represent first caudal centrum); sr, sr1, sr2, sr5, sacral ribs; sr6, possible 6th sacral rib (may instead represent first caudal rib).
Fig. 5 in Osteological correlates for quadrupedality in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 5. Reduced major axis regressions showing correlations between body size (using humerus and femur length as proxies) and continuous characters. A. Pes/hind limb ratio. B. Iliac width/iliac blade length ratio. R-squared, Pearson's correlation coefficient; p, probability that x and y are uncorrelated.
Fig. 4 in Osteological correlates for quadrupedality in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 4. Correlations between body size (using femoral length as a proxy) and discrete characters. A. Anterolateral process on proximal ulna. B. Manual unguals. C. Femur longer than tibia. D. Fourth trochanter morphology. For A–C, 0, feature absent; 1, feature present; for D, 0, fourth trochanter pendant; 1 , fourth trochanter reduced to crest; 2, fourth trochanter reduced to rugose ridge or absent.
Fig. 7 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 7. The schematic structure of the costovertebral articulation in the Tyrannosauridae. A. The reconstruction in this study in posterior view and in right lateral view. B. The reconstruction by Lambe (1917) in posterior view. The rib tuberculum articulates with the ventral surface of the distal part of the transverse process in this study, whereas the rib articulates with the lateral extremity of the transverse process in Lambe (1917).
Fig. 1 in Osteological correlates for quadrupedality in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 1. Simplified relationships of ornithodiran archosaurs showing major clades discussed in the text. Circles on branches indicate clades where secondary quadrupedality has evolved.
Fig. 2. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 2. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. Latex cast of right ilium (large slab) in lateral view.
Fig. 6. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 6. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. Latex cast of right tibia and fibula, partial right femur, and right pes (large slab). Tibia and fibula are exposed in posterior view; pes is exposed in anterior view. Note first phalanx of digit I. Roman numerals I–IV correspond to respective digits.
Fig. 4 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 4. Anterior thoracic (possibly p13) vertebra of tyrannosaurid dinosaur Daspletosaurus torosus Russell, 1970, RTMP 2001.36.01 from the Campanian Oldman Formation of Milk River, Manyberries, Alberta, Canada. A. Posterior view. B. Right lateral view. C. Right transverse process in posterior view. D. Right transverse process in lateroventral view.
Fig. 5. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 5. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. Latex cast of distal left scapula and associated elements of the forelimb (large slab).
Fig. 1. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857 in The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany and the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria
Fig. 1. Ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis Meyer, 1857, holotype (GZG 741/2, formerly GPI Gö 741−2), from the Obernkirchen Sandstone (Early Cretaceous: Berriasian), near Bückeburg, Niedersachsen, Germany. A. Large sandstone slab. B. Interpretative outline drawing of large latex cast (prepared from large sandstone slab), showing majority of postcranial skeleton in dorsal view. C. Small sandstone slab. D. Interpretative outline drawing of small latex cast (prepared from small sandstone slab), showing sacrum and caudals, pelvic region and partial hindlimbs in ventral view. For clarity elements in and around the sacral region have not been labelled—these areas are shown in greater detail in Fig. 3. Roman numerals II–IV correspond to respective digits. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsals; f, femur;?, unidentified element.
Fig. 3 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 3. Costovertebral articulation with soft tissues in Alligator mississippiensis Daudin, 1802, KPM−NFR000016. A, B. The articulation between the 10th presacral vertebra (1st thoracic vertebra in Frey 1988) and the left rib in postero−ventral view (A), and its explanatory drawing (B). C, D. The 12th presacral vertebra (3rd thoracic vertebra in Frey 1988) in left lateral view (C), and its explanatory drawing (D). A cross section of thin connective tissue, which binds the transverse process and the rib head, is colored in gray.
Fig. 6 in The ligamental scar in the costovertebral articulation of the tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Fig. 6. Anterior thoracic rib of tyrannosaurid dinosaur Daspletosaurus torosus Russell, 1970, RTMP 2001.36.01 from the Campanian Oldman Formation of Milk River, Manyberries, Alberta, Canada, in posterior view. The rib head is shown.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.