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504 results for “ecological diversity”
FIGURE 1 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru
FIGURE 1. Geographical distribution of the different clades of Phyllodactylus reissii and related species. Colors refer to delimited species (see Fig. 2). Insets show clades endemic to the inter-Andean valley of the upper Marañón River. Circles mark occurrence records used for climatic niche distribution modeling. Localities with a thick margin were also genetically sampled.
FIGURE 6 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru
FIGURE 6. Phyllodactylus pachamama sp. nov. from the type locality (Balsas, Amazonas, Peru) in life.
FIGURE 4. N in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru
FIGURE 4. N-dimensional hypervolumes representing the climatic niches of the delimited species in the Phyllodactylus reissii group. Circles mark centroids and outlines are the 90% confidence interval of the hypervolumes (note that these only approximate the actual hypervolumes and are only used for a more clear illustration).
Data, Metadata, R-codes and R data files for publication "Comparative ungulate diversity and biomass change with human use and drought: implications for community stability and protected area prioritization in African savannas" by Bartzke et al. in Ecology and Evolution
<p>These files contain data and metadata for modeling ungulate diversity and biomass in the Maasai Mara ecosystem in Kenya in the drought year of 1999 and a year with normal rainfall, 2002. The files also contain R codes and R data files.</p> <p>Metadata.pdf: Metadata for files "mc_333m.csv" and "mc_1km.csv"</p> <p>mc_333m.csv: A data file for 333-meter-by-333-meter sub-blocks.</p> <p>prepare_data.r: R code to impute missing vegetation records in 333-meter-by-333-meter subblocks and summarize the data over 1-kilometer-by-1-kilometer blocks for analysis.</p> <p>krige_vegetation.RData: An R data file containing the imputed vegetation records.</p> <p>mc_1km.csv: A data file for 1-kilometer-by-1-kilometer blocks for analysis.</p> <p>mc_1km.r: R code for modeling ungulate diversity and biomass; mc_1km_mod.RData: An R data file for loading the ungulate diversity and biomass models.</p> <p>mc_1km.RData: An R data file containing model predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>mc_1km_plots.r: R code for plotting model predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>MMNR_boundary.shp: A shapefile of the Maasai Mara National Reserve boundary in Kenya and associated files. These files are used for plotting the predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>MMNR_border.zip: A shapefile and associated files for the Maasai Mara National Reserve border with Tanzania. These files are also used for plotting predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p>
FIGURE 9 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 9. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and standard deviation in altitude (ALTstd). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for ALTstd as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equalarea projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 5 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 5. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and net primary productivity (NPP). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for NPP as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 4 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 4. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and mean annual temperature (TEMP). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMP as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 8 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 8. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and coefficient of variation in annual precipitation (PRECcv). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PRECcv as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 7 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 7. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and annual range in temperature (TEMPr). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMPr as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equalarea projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 1 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 1. Spatial patterns of variation in the ecological diversity (ED) of different mammal groups over the Americas. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 14 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 14. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and coefficient of variation in annual precipitation (PRECcv). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PRECcv as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 6 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 6. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 13 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 13. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual range in temperature (TEMPr). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMPr as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 12 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 12. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 10 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 10. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and mean annual temperature (TEMP). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMP as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 2 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 2. Spatial patterns of variation in the phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) of different mammal groups over the Americas. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
FIGURE 3 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas
FIGURE 3. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and phylogenetic diversity (AvPD). The maps show the local beta coefficients (b) for AvPD as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Following (Matthews & Yang 2012) non-significant values (p> 0.05) are excluded from the maps to optimize the visualization of patterns. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Figure 8. A in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna
Figure 8. A, strict consensus of 1872 most parsimonious trees (MPTs; tree length L = 137 steps; retention index, RI = 0.825; rescaled consistency index, RC = 0.446) from primary phylogenetic analysis. B, strict consensus of 20 MPTs (L = 137 steps; RI = 0.820; RC = 0.443) from the analysis excluding the poorly known Eobucco brodkorbi, Primocolius sigei, and Primocolius minor. C, strict consensus of 12 168 MPTs (L = 138 steps; RI = 0.825; RC = 0.442) from phylogenetic analysis including Eocolius walkeri (Aves incertae sedis). Bootstrap support values are shown above the branches; Bremer support values greater than 1 are shown below the branches.
Figure 6 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna
Figure 6. Reconstructions of the wing bones of Green River Formation fossil mousebirds (Celericolius acriala and Anneavis anneae) and extant mousebirds (Urocolius indicus and Colius striatus), rescaled to equal lengths to show proportional differences.
Figure 5 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna
Figure 5. Details of the skeletal anatomy of Celericolius acriala. A, distal elements of left wing. B, pelvis, pygostyle, and left hindlimb. C, right foot. Abbreviations: cmc, carpometacarpus, dI, pedal digit I; dII, pedal digit II; dIII, pedal digit III; dIV, pedal digit IV; ext, impression of processus extensorius; hyp, cristae hypotarsi; isch, ischium; mpI-1, manual phalanx I-1; mpII-1, manual phalanx II-1; mpIII-1, manual phalanx III-1; pc, processus costales; pi, processus intermetacarpalis; pt, processus transversus vertebrae; pu, pubis; py, pygostyle; rad, radiale; tmt, tarsometatarsus; uln, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.
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