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Fig. 8 in Efficient New Above-Ground Bucket Traps Produce Comparable Data to that of Standard Transects for the Endangered American Burying Beetle,Nicrophorus AmericanusOlivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Fig. 8. Suggested improvements to above-ground bucket trap design using a wooden rain cover and landing pad to reduce disturbances from scavengers, reduce maintenance, and increase bait-life.

Fig. 5 in Efficient New Above-Ground Bucket Traps Produce Comparable Data to that of Standard Transects for the Endangered American Burying Beetle,Nicrophorus AmericanusOlivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Fig. 5. Average differences in abundance estimates for Nicrophorus americanus between methods using various sample-effort conversion rates (n = 20). Normalized average differences are mean differences divided by their standard deviations to provide a standardized scale for comparisons because abundance estimates—and therefore differences between them—are inherently smaller when trap-nights are artificially increased.

Fig. 4 in Efficient New Above-Ground Bucket Traps Produce Comparable Data to that of Standard Transects for the Endangered American Burying Beetle,Nicrophorus AmericanusOlivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Fig. 4. Sample site layout (n = 28) showing 800-m site buffers (open circles). The order in which trap methods were used during the two sample periods at each site included buckets then transects (circles), transects then buckets (squares), and transects during both sample periods at control sites (triangles).

Fig. 7 in Efficient New Above-Ground Bucket Traps Produce Comparable Data to that of Standard Transects for the Endangered American Burying Beetle,Nicrophorus AmericanusOlivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Fig. 7. ANOVA group means showing the relationship between beetle captures and the numbers of disturbed traps. Beetle abundance values were ranked for the three sample nights at each site such that increasing rank represented increasing abundance. Precision was low in groups 4 and 5 due to small sample sizes (n = 6 and n = 4, respectively).

Fig. 1 in Efficient New Above-Ground Bucket Traps Produce Comparable Data to that of Standard Transects for the Endangered American Burying Beetle,Nicrophorus AmericanusOlivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Fig. 1. Layout of a standard pitfall trap transect showing an 800-m trap sample range (USFWS estimate) and a 200-m trap sample range in comparison to 20-m trap spacing to illustrate the lack of independence among traps in a transect.

opennotspecifiedMar 2006View details →

Fig. 1. A in Feeding of a Shore-Inhabiting Ground Beetle, Scarites aterrimus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Fig. 1. A Scarites aterrimus adult feeding on dead earwig Anisolabis maritime on the beach of Fukiage-hama, Awaji Island in central Japan. Scale line: 10 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Fig. 5 in A Modified Pitfall Trap for Capturing Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Fig. 5. Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indices for Carabidae captured in traditional and modified pitfall traps.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Fig. 3 in A Modified Pitfall Trap for Capturing Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Fig. 3. Domination structure of Carabidae captured in two pitfall trap types. A) Traditional pitfall traps, B) Modified pitfall traps.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Fig. 4 in A Modified Pitfall Trap for Capturing Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Fig. 4. Ecological and trophic structure of the carabid fauna as measured by traditional and modified pitfall traps.

opennotspecifiedSep 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in The Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Fauna of Maine, USA

Fig. 2. Map of Maine showing biophysical regions of the state, as defined by the Maine Forest Service.

opennotspecifiedSep 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in The Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Fauna of Maine, USA

Fig. 1. Map of Maine showing all counties and townships of the state, as used in this study; inset shows location of Maine within the USA.

opennotspecifiedJun 2015View details →

Fig. 1. A in First Occurrence in Canada ofCarabus auratusL. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), an Adventive Ground Beetle of European Origin

Fig. 1. A) Carabus auratus, 18 May 2014, near Perth-Andover, New Brunswick, Canada, B) Field Settlement Road, New Brunswick, habitat from which the first Canadian occurrences of C. auratus were recorded in 2013–2014.

opennotspecifiedMar 2024View details →

FIGURE 1 in Ground beetles of the subfamily Lebiinae (Carabidae) of Guinea-Bissau: description of three new species and faunistic notes

FIGURE 1. Habitus of Lebiinae species. (a) Arsinoe aguiari n. sp. (dorsal view), holotype male, Coli (Quebo), TOB, ASC; (b) Dontolobus bivari n. sp. (dorsal view), holotype male, Coli (Quebo), TOB, ASC; (c) Lasiocera schwarzi n. sp. (dorsal view), female, Banhinda, CAC, ASC; (d) Lasiocera asmara (dorsal view) plus labels, paratype, Eritreia, MRAC; (e) Lasiocera mirei (dorsal view) plus labels, paratype, Cameroon, MRAC; (f) Lasiocera nitidula (dorsal view) plus labels, female, Central African Republic, MRAC.

opennotspecifiedMar 2024View details →

FIGURE 2 in Ground beetles of the subfamily Lebiinae (Carabidae) of Guinea-Bissau: description of three new species and faunistic notes

FIGURE 2. Aedeagus of: Arsinoe aguiari n. sp. (a), median lobe and right paramere (lateral views) (b), median lobe (dorsal view); Dontolobus bivari n. sp. (c), median lobe and right paramere (lateral views) (d), median lobe (dorsal view).

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in A new species of the East Asian endemic subgenus Sadonebria Ledoux et Roux (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Nebria) ground beetles from Japan

Fig. 1. Distribution of Nebria (Sadonebria) spp. in the Japanese Archipelago, compiled from Sasakawa [2016] and Sasakawa and Itô [2019]; N. chinensis Bates, which is distantly related to the remaining taxa, and samples that are not identified by genital morphology are not included. The numbers indicate: 1 — N. sadona Bates; 2 — N. saeviens Bates; 3 — N. asahina Sasakawa; 4 — N. nasuensis Sasakawa; 5 — N. leechi Bates; 6 — N. quinquelobata Sasakawa; 7 — N. chichibuensis Sasakawa; 8 — N. yatsugatakensis Sasakawa, 9 — N. kiso Sasakawa; 10 — N. mikawa Sasakawa; 11 — N. hakusana Sasakawa sp.n.; 12 — N. ohdaiensis Nakane, 13; N — tenuicaulis Sasakawa and Kubota; 14 — N. jakuchisana Sasakawa; 15 — N. shikokuensis Sasakawa; 16 — N. trifida Sasakawa. Red letters denote the type localities of each species. Рис. 1. Распространение видов Nebria (Sadonebria) на Японском архипелаге, по данным иЗ Sasakawa [2016] и Sasakawa, Itô [2019]; находки N. chinensis Bates, который слабо свЯЗан с остальными таксонами, и ЭкЗемплЯры, которые не идентифицируютсЯ по морфологии гениталий, не покаЗаны. Цифры соотвествуют: 1 — N. sadona Bates; 2 — N. saeviens Bates; 3 — N. asahina Sasakawa; 4 — N. nasuensis Sasakawa; 5 — N. leechi Bates; 6 — N. quinquelobata Sasakawa; 7 — N. chichibuensis Sasakawa; 8 — N. yatsugatakensis Sasakawa, 9 — N. kiso Sasakawa; 10 — N. mikawa Sasakawa; 11 — N. hakusana Sasakawa sp.n.; 12 — N. ohdaiensis Nakane, 13; N — tenuicaulis Sasakawa and Kubota; 14 — N. jakuchisana Sasakawa; 15 — N. shikokuensis Sasakawa; 16 — N. trifida Sasakawa. Красные цифры обоЗначают типовые местонахождениЯ длЯ каждого вида.

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Figs 2–9 in A new species of the East Asian endemic subgenus Sadonebria Ledoux et Roux (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Nebria) ground beetles from Japan

Figs 2–9. Nebria (Sadonebria) spp.: 2–7 — N. hakusana sp.n.; 8 — N. kiso; 9 — N. mikawa; 2–3 — habitus; 4 — aedeagus; 5–6 — endophallus; 7–9 — pronotum; 2–3, 7–9 — dorsal view; 4–5 — right lateral view; 6 —ventral view; 2, 5–9 — holotype, male; 3 — paratype, female; 4 — paratype, male from Mt. Sanpôkuzure. Abbreviations: da — dorsoapical lobe; db — dorsobasal lobe; go — gonopore; lb — laterobasal lobe; va — ventroapical lobe. Scales: 5.0 mm for 2–3; and 0.5 mm for 4–9. Рис. 2–9. Nebria (Sadonebria) spp.: 2–7 — N. hakusana sp.n.; 8 — N. kiso; 9 — N. mikawa; 2–3 — габитус; 4 — Эдеагус; 5–6 — Эндофаллус; 7–9 — переднеспинка; 2–3, 7–9 —сверху; 4–5 — справа; 6 — сниЗу; 2, 5–9 — голотип, самец; 3 — паратип, самка; 4 — паратип, самец с горы СанпокудЗуре. СокраЩениЯ: da — дорсоапикальнаЯ долЯ; db — дорсобаЗальнаЯ долЯ; go — гонопор; lb — латеробаЗальнаЯ долЯ; va — вентропапикальнаЯ долЯ. МасШтаб: 5,0 мм длЯ рис. 2–3; 0,5 мм длЯ рис. 4–9.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Sex differences in morphology across an expanding range edge in the flightless ground beetle, Carabus hortensis

Many species experience range shifts, contractions, and/or expansions. Often, morphological traits that increase movement capacity are observed in higher frequencies at the edge of an expanding or shifting range. Although traits observed at the range edge may differ between the sexes, sex differences in the distribution of morphological traits across species' changing ranges are rarely studied. Here, we report pronotum width (as a proxy for body size) and body condition data from individual Carabus hortensis ground beetles that were captured at varying proximities to an expanding range edge. The relationships between measures of both body size and body condition and the position along the expansion front with which individuals were captured were assessed for males and females separately. Body size increased with proximity to the range edge in males alone. Body condition (relative to body size) was not predicted by position along the expansion front, but decreased with increasing population density in males but not females. Our results therefore indicate that sex is an important factor influencing patterns in trait distribution across species' ranges.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Pyrophilic ground beetle rearing study

Many insects are drawn to the heat, ash, and smoke produced by forest fires and arrive in large numbers at recent burns, often while the fire is still active. Some of these insects are pyrophilic and reproduce exclusively in the immediate aftermath of fire but are rarely, if ever, collected from unburnt habitats. Numerous observations made at active fires note an apparent preference among some pyrophilic insects to oviposit exclusively in the burnt portions of trees, raising broader questions about the adaptive benefits of reproduction in the post-burn environment. Here, we tested whether the reproductive output of pyrophilic ground-beetles (i.e., Sericoda spp.) increased in heat-sterilized soils. In the first experiment, eggs of Sericoda quadripunctata were reared in three types of soil collected from burnt forests: recently burnt soil (collected 1-2 weeks after the fire), soil collected one year after burn, and soil from an unburnt patch of forest adjacent to the fire. Daily monitoring through a dissecting microscope documented extensive predation of eggs by soil microarthropods (mites, springtails, and nematodes), especially in 1-year old and unburnt soil treatments. This led to a second experiment that included the same three treatments and an additional fourth soil treatment: recently burnt soil reheated to 100 °C for 2 hours (i.e., reheated soil). In this experiment, male and female pairs (n = 100) of Sericoda obsoleta were reared for 14 days in jars containing 90 g of soil corresponding to each of the four soil treatments. Reproductive output, measured as the number of larvae produced by each breeding pair, was significantly higher in the reheated soil, suggesting that heat-sterilization and removal of soil-dwelling predators improved egg survival. Our findings suggest that pyrophily in insects may have evolved as a means of increasing reproductive output in the post-burn environment through access to heat-sterilized ovipositing substrates. Furthermore, the abrupt disappearance of Sericoda and other pyrophilic insects following fire may be explained by the sub-optimal reproductive conditions as the burn is colonized by other organisms and by local emigration in favor of other recent burns on the landscape.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

HyRAD-X Exome Capture Museomics Unravels Giant Ground Beetle Evolution

Abstract Advances in phylogenomics contribute toward resolving long-standing evolutionary questions. Notwithstanding, genetic diversity contained within more than a billion biological specimens deposited in natural history museums remains recalcitrant to analysis owing to challenges posed by its intrinsically degraded nature. Yet that tantalizing resource could be critical in overcoming taxon sampling constraints hindering our ability to address major evolutionary questions. We addressed this impediment by developing phyloHyRAD, a new bioinformatic pipeline enabling locus recovery at a broad evolutionary scale from HyRAD-X exome capture of museum specimens of low DNA integrity using a benchtop RAD-derived exome-complexity-reduction probe set developed from high DNA integrity specimens. Our new pipeline can also successfully align raw RNAseq transcriptomic and ultraconserved element reads with the RAD-derived probe catalog. Using this method, we generated a robust timetree for Carabinae beetles, the lack of which had precluded study of macroevolutionary trends pertaining to their biogeography and wing-morphology evolution. We successfully recovered up to 2,945 loci with a mean of 1,788 loci across the exome of specimens of varying age. Coverage was not significantly linked to specimen age, demonstrating the wide exploitability of museum specimens. We also recovered fragmentary mitogenomes compatible with Sanger-sequenced mtDNA. Our phylogenomic timetree revealed a Lower Cretaceous origin for crown group Carabinae, with the extinct Aplothorax (Waterhouse, 1841) nested within the genus Calosoma (Weber, 1801) demonstrating the junior synonymy of Aplothorax syn. nov., resulting in the new combination Calosoma burchellii (Waterhouse, 1841) comb. nov. This study compellingly illustrates that HyRAD-X and phyloHyRAD efficiently provide genomic-level data sets informative at deep evolutionary scales.