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FIGURE 17 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 17. Nest of Melipona favosa (Fabricius) in the base of a large Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae), in La Guajira, Colombia (photographs by M.S. Engel). A. Worker at entrance made of mud in a radiating pattern. B. Detail of guard at nest entrance. C. Worker departing nest entrance.

FIGURE 1 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of La Guajira Department and neighboring areas in northern Colombia, with inset showing location of map within Colombia (rectangle). Pink outline defines the territory of the Wayuú, the dots the location where nests of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species, were found, with the green dot representing the type locality. Map produced using the SimpleMappr tool (Shorthouse, 2010).

FIGURE 6 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 6. Queen of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Facial view. B. Dorsal detail of head and mesosoma. C. Outer surface of metatibia and metatarsus.

FIGURE 9 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 9. Male terminalia of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Sternum VI. B. Sternum VII. C. Genital capsule (left half is dorsal, right half is ventral).

FIGURE 2 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 2. Worker of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal habitus.

FIGURE 5 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 5. Queen of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal habitus.

FIGURE 8 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 8. Drone of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Facial view. B. Outer surface of metatibia and metatarsus. C. Ventral view of metasomal apex. D. Ventral oblique aspect of metasomal apex, showing length and angulation of setae on sternal brushes.

FIGURE 16 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 16. Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species, from La Guajira, Colombia. A. Diagrammatic outline of sagittal section of nest and contents (note that nest entrance was removed and would be facing outward toward the viewer), B. Photograph of medial section of brood cells. C. Photograph of honey pots and brood cells.

FIGURE 13 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 13. Nest of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species, in La Guajira, Colombia (photographs by M.S. Engel). A. Location of nest in the side of a divi-divi tree (Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl.) (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) (arrow shows position of nest entrance). B. Detail of nest entrance.

FIGURE 11 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 11. Diagram of entire mature larva of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species, lateral view, head toward left, showing distribution of paired segmental dorsolateral body tubercles and small size of larva.

FIGURE 15 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 15. Sampled nest of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species, from La Guajira, Colombia (photographs by M.S. Engel). A. Section of Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae), with side removed to expose nest within. B. Detail of brood cells in situ. C. Detail of brood cells in situ.

Figs 28–31 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.

Figs 26–27 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.

Figs. 5–9 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 5–9. Immatures of Nomioides patruelis. 5. Egg, lateral view, anterior end at top. 6. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 7, 8. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 9. Right mandible, outer surface. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Atp 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface.

Figs. 10, 11 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 10, 11. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Nomioides patruelis and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 2, 3 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 2, 3. Brood cells of Nomioides patruelis. 2. Front end of cell, inner view, showing deeply concave spiral cell closure; line demarking closure diameter 5 1.5 mm. 3. Approximate longitudinal view with front end at left. Note slight shine of lining on cell wall at left and feces piled on wall at rear end of cell; line demarking cell diameter 5 ca. 2.5 mm.

Figs. 21–25 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 21. Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25. 22. Close-up of frons and vertex. 23. Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles. 24. Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles. 25. Close-up of tegular tubercle.