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opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Life-history genotype explains variation in migration activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Data and R-script used in the paper titled in the title.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale

As a widespread vector of disease, the mosquito species Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for both public health and invasive species research and management. Like all mosquitoes, A. albopictus has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval, and pupal stages and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Researchers use population genetics to inform control of A. albopictus. However, these studies do not consider the impact on life stage on population genetic characteristics and subsequent conclusions. Our objective was to examine whether the life stage impacted patterns of A. albopictus genetic diversity and differentiation at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field-caught A. albopictus population genetic papers and identified 74 peer-reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages. We them examined population genetic patterns of egg and adult A. albopictus at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina USA using 8,425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Predation, metabolic priming and early life-history rearing environment affect the swimming capabilities of growth hormone transgenic rainbow trout

The period of first feeding, when young salmonid fishes emerge from natal stream beds, is one fraught with predation risk. Experiments conducted in semi-natural stream mesocosms have shown that growth hormone transgenic salmonids are at greater risk of predation than their non-transgenic siblings, due partly to the higher metabolic demands associated with transgenesis, which force risky foraging behaviours. This raises questions as to whether there are differences in the swim-performance of transgenic and non-transgenic fishes surviving predation experiments. We tested this hypothesis in wild-origin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were reared from first feeding in semi-natural stream mesocosms characterized by complex hydrodynamics, the presence of predators and oligotrophic conditions. Using an open-flume raceway, we swam fish and measured their capacity for burst-swimming against a sustained flow. We found a significant genotype effect on burst-performance, with transgenic fish sustaining performance longer than their wild-type siblings, both in predator and predator-free stream segments. Importantly, this effect occurred before differences in growth were discernable. We also found that mesocosm-reared fish had greater burst-performance than fish reared in the controlled hatchery environment, despite the latter being unexposed to predators and having abundant food. Our results suggest a potential interaction between predation and metabolic priming, which leads to greater burst capacity in transgenic trout.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Lifetime reproductive output and life-history traits of lizards

Aim: Latitudinal gradients in life-history traits are apparent in many taxa and are expected to be strong for ectotherms that have temperature-driven constraints on performance and fitness. The strength of these gradients, however, should also be affected by diet. Because diet type (carnivory, omnivory, herbivory) influences accessibility to nutrition and assimilation efficiency, we aim to study how diet affects latitudinal gradients in lifetime reproductive output and the underlying life-history traits in ectotherms. Location: Global. Time period: Recent. Major taxa studied: Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria). Methods: We used empirical (352 species) and phylogenetically imputed data (563 species) to analyse the interactive effects of latitude and diet on life-history traits (longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, clutch/brood size, clutch/brood frequency, female mass) and lifetime reproductive output of lizards. Results: Lifetime reproductive output does not significantly differ in lizards across diet types, and only carnivores exhibit a small increase at higher latitudes. Diet type, however, influences latitudinal patterns of individual life-history traits. Carnivores exhibit a shift towards "slower-paced" life-histories at higher latitudes for most traits (increased longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, and decreased clutch frequency). By contrast, herbivores either display "faster-paced" life-histories (reduction in reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, female mass) or no change (clutch frequency, clutch size, age at maturity) at higher latitudes. Omnivores exhibit intermediate and muted latitudinal patterns. Main conclusions: We suggest that the nutritional challenges of herbivory, compounded by thermal constraints at higher latitudes, may explain differences in life-history characteristics of herbivorous ectotherms. Intermediate patterns exhibited by omnivores highlight how flexibility in diet can buffer environmental challenges at higher latitudes. Our results indicate that lizards with different diet types display various trends in their life-histories across latitudes, which eventually balance out to result in similar reproductive outputs throughout their lifetime, with little benefits to carnivory.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Idiosyncratic shifts in life-history traits at species' geographic range edges

Anthropogenic changes drive shifts in species' geographic distributions and increase the occurrence of leading or trailing-edge marginal populations. Theoretical predictions and empirical observations indicate substantial changes in life-history traits in marginal populations, often involving dispersal and reproductive abilities. Using a common garden experiment, we studied the variation of life-history traits of populations sampled on spatial gradients extending from range-core to range-edge habitats for three expanding (miner's lettuce Claytonia perfoliata, Danish scurvygrass Cochlearia danica, and rock samphire Crithmum maritimum) and one receding plant species (dune pansy Viola tricolor subs. curtisii). We monitored life-history traits related to dispersal, phenology, survival, reproductive output, and selfing ability. Significant shifts in life-history traits between central and marginal populations strongly differed among species. Marginal populations of the three expanding species displayed modified seed weight in natura, suggesting increased dispersal abilities in leading-edge populations. Discarding unassessed maternal effects, this trait modification can be due to phenotypic plasticity or to genetic differentiation. In miner's lettuce, marginal expanding populations show advanced phenology and higher reproductive output, which may potentially influence their colonization ability. In rock samphire, life-history traits showed large intra- and inter-population variability that did not follow a core-to-edge geographic trend, except for seed size. Finally, the receding populations of the dune pansy displayed a shift towards a plant architecture maximizing survival but reducing individual reproductive success. Altogether, our results indicated a common trend for increased dispersal abilities in marginal populations of expanding species. However, shifts in species' distributions may drive idiosyncratic changes in other life-history traits, for which we observed no general evolutionary syndrome at range edges. These findings go along a stochastic view of trait evolution during range expansion and question how to draw predictive projections of species' distribution shifts under current global change.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908

Comments on taxonomy and species coverage: Explanation note: The supplementary material consists of several tables that explain differences between our updated list of species names to the lists used by Sillero et al. (2014) in their new SEH list of species and the list of Speybroeck et al. (2010).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908

Species names used in our database and used in the Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) atlas: Explanation note: The table matches the species names in the SEH atlas with the updated speceis names used in our database. It thus provides the two species list that can be used to search the database.

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals

Figure 2. Bone histology of Ochotona specimens. A–C, Oc. dauurica. A, MSB 215940 (juvenile) showing a cortex formed by FLC and WB. B, MSB 215680 (young adult), with abundant SVs in the outer cortex. Note that microorganisms attacked this region, hiding bone tissues. C, MSB 215953 (adult) with FLC sandwiched between ICL and a scarce LB layer. Note the strong RL (black arrowhead). D, Oc. collaris UAM 63937 (adult), with an extensive deposition of PFB and clear RL (black arrowhead) splitting it from FLC. Notice the presence of one LAG (white arrowhead). E, F, Oc. princeps. E, UAM 35060 (adult), anterior region with PFB surrounded by a FLC full of SOs. F, UAM 113936 (adult), with detail of the PFB region, showing four LAGs (white arrowheads). For abbreviations, see the text. Scale bars equals 100 μm.

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals

Figure 1. Bone histology of P. sardus specimens. A, B, R129 (juvenile, 0 LAG) showing the anterior region (A) formed by FLC with SVs and POs, and posterior one (B) where a nonCGM was identified (arrowhead). C, GD52 (juvenile, 0 LAG), medial region showing early external deposition of PFB with some SVs. In the inner cortex, WB is visible, as well as FLC with POs and SVs. D, R000 (juvenile, one LAG), posterior region with FLC sandwiched between the ICL and the outer cortex of LB (reversed image). E, R136 (young adult) showing two LAGs (arrowheads). F, A17 (young adult) with three LAGs (arrowheads). G, R30 (juvenile, two LAGs), detail of the lateral region with SOs

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

Figure 3. A–F in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals

Figure 3. A–F, boxplots of log-transformed geometrical (CA, MA, CA/MA, and CA/TA) and size variables (DAPm and DTm). A–C, Prolagus sardus age categories (J, Y, and A). D–F, adults of Oc. princeps, Oc. collaris, and Oc. dauurica. See Supporting Information, Table S2 for the raw data, including mean and standard deviation for species and age category. G–I, growth trajectories of CA, MA, and TA, considering DTm (size proxy), of P. sardus (N = 15) and Ochotona (N = 13). See Supporting Information, Appendix S1 for statistical results.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Data from: A novel experimental approach for studying life-history traits of phytophagous arthropods utilizing an artificial culture medium

Filename: Developmental.xlsx Variables: 1. id_spec - specimen ID 2. temp - temperature of incubation 3. larv - number of days needed to reach larva stage  4. i_larv - number of days needed to reach immobile larva stage  5. nymph - number of days needed to reach nymph stage  6. i_nymph - number of days needed to reach immobile nymph stage  7. adult - number of days needed to reach adult stage  8. egg - number of days needed to oviposit egg of next generation  Filename: Methods_comparison.xlsx Variables: 1. species (E - Aceria tosichella; T - Tetranychus urticae) 2. variant - applied method: S - standard method (rearing cages for Aceria tosichella; cotton for Tetranychus urticae) N - new method (MIVM rearing for both species) 3. t.trans - time needed to transfer 10 specimens to arena [min] 4. n.24 aa - number of specimens alive within arena after 24 hours 5. n.24 ad - number of specimens dead within arena after 24 hours 6. n.24 oa - number of specimens alive out of the arena after 24 hours 7. n.24 od - number of specimens dead out of the arena after 24 hours 8. t.24 - time needed to check the arena after 24 hours [min] Filename: Survival.xlsx Variables: 1. id_spec - specimen ID 2. temp - temperature of incubation 3. time - numbers of days when individual was observed alive 4. stage - developmental stage which individual reached before death 5. status - 0 - censored observation; 1 - observed event of death

FIG. 3 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 3. Decline in relative growth rate (g K) with age (x) in three species of Desmognathus in the southern Nantahala Mountains. 1. D. ocoee, ln (g K) ¼ 0.7947–0.4556x. 2. D. wrighti, ln(g K) ¼ 0.8703–0.5961x. 3. D. aeneus, ln(g K) ¼ 1.0019–0.6408x.

FIG. 2 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 2. Provisional growth curves of (A) Desmognathus aeneus and (B) Desmognathus wrighti fitted by the Gompertz growth function.

FIG. 1 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 1. Southern Nantahala Mountain species of Desmognathus discussed in this report. (A, B) D. wrighti, adults. (C) D. aeneus, adult. (D, E) D. ocoee, small individuals, both within the size range of adult D. aeneus and D. wrighti.

FIG. 4 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 4. Least-squares regression of ln follicle number on ln standard length for southern Nantahala females of Desmognathus aeneus. The least-squares regression equation is ln fol ¼ –3.205 þ 1.754·ln SL (Bruce, 2014). LCL, UCL: lower, upper 95% confidence limits. LPL, UPL: lower, upper prediction limits.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Convergent and correlated evolution of major life-history traits in the angiosperm genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae)

Natural selection is expected to cause convergence of life histories among taxa as well as correlated evolution of different life-history traits. Here, we quantify the extent of convergence of five key life-history traits (adult fire survival, seed storage, degree of sexual dimorphism, pollination mode, and seed-dispersal mode) and test hypotheses about their correlated evolution in the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae) from the fire-prone South African fynbos. We reconstructed a new molecular phylogeny of this highly diverse genus that involves more taxa and molecular markers than previously. This reconstruction identifies new clades that were not detected by previous molecular study and morphological classifications. Using this new phylogeny and robust methods that account for phylogenetic uncertainty, we show that the five life-history traits studied were labile during the evolutionary history of the genus. This diversity allowed us to tackle major questions about the correlated evolution of life-history strategies. We found that species with longer seed-dispersal distances tended to evolve lower pollen-dispersal distance, that insect-pollinated species evolved decreased sexual dimorphism, and that species with a persistent soil seed-bank evolved toward reduced fire-survival ability of adults.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: The genetic variance but not the genetic covariance of life-history traits changes towards the north in a time-constrained insect

Seasonal time constraints are usually stronger at higher than lower latitudes and can exert strong selection on life history traits and the correlations among these traits. To predict the response of life history traits to environmental change along a latitudinal gradient, information must be obtained about genetic variance in traits and also genetic correlation between traits, i.e., the genetic variance-covariance matrix, G. Here, we estimated G for key life history traits in an obligate univoltine damselfly that faces seasonal time constraints. We exposed populations to simulated native temperatures and photoperiods and common garden environmental conditions in a laboratory setup. Despite differences in genetic variance in these traits between populations (lower variance at northern latitudes), there was no evidence for latitude-specific covariance of the life history traits. At simulated native conditions, all populations showed strong genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits that shaped growth and development. The variance-covariance matrix changed considerably when populations were exposed to common garden conditions compared with the simulated natural conditions, showing the importance of environmentally induced changes in multivariate genetic structure. Our results highlight the importance of estimating variance-covariance matrixes in environments that mimic selection pressures and not only trait variances or mean trait values in common garden conditions for understanding the trait evolution across populations and environments.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Host life-history traits influence the distribution of prophages and the genes they carry

Bacterial strains with a short minimal doubling time – "fast-growing" hosts – are more likely to contain prophages than their slow-growing counterparts. Pathogenic bacterial species are likewise more likely to carry prophages. We develop a bioinformatics pipeline to examine the distribution of prophages in fast- and slow-growing lysogens, and pathogenic and non-pathogenic lysogens, analysing both prophage length and gene content for each class. By fitting these results to a mathematical model of the evolutionary forces acting on prophages, we predict whether the observed differences can be attributed to different rates of lysogeny among the host classes, or other evolutionary pressures. We also test for significant differences in gene content among prophages, identifying genes that are preferentially lost or maintained in each class. We find that fast-growing hosts and pathogens have a greater fraction of full-length prophages, and our analysis predicts that prophages confer a greater benefit, on average, to hosts in these two classes. Rates of lysogeny, however, are predicted to be higher in fast-growing hosts but lower in pathogens.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Life-history trade-offs, density, lay date—not personality—explain multibroodedness in great tits

In various taxa, multibroodedness is a common breeding strategy. Life-history theory predicts that individuals can increase fitness by producing multiple broods within a season. Despite the apparent increase in the number of offspring parents might produce per season, not all individuals are multibrooded, suggesting a trade-off. We studied ecological and behavioral factors influencing the initiation of second clutches in great tits (Parus major), an optionally multibrooded bird species, by distinguishing two types of clutches: replacement vs. true second clutches, produced after failure vs. successful first breeding attempts, respectively. We predicted that lay date, density, and investment in first clutches would decrease the probability of initiating a second clutch, but that faster exploring behavioral types with a faster pace-of-life would be more likely to be multibrooded. The probability of initiating true second clutches varied negatively within-individuals with lay date and breeding density. The initiation of replacement clutches instead varied negatively among-individuals with lay date and density, suggesting non-random settlement of behavioral types across environments. Individuals were less likely to be multibrooded when producing many offspring from their first clutch, suggesting within-year reproductive trade-offs, similar to previous studies. No previous research has linked personality to multibroodedness; here we show that neither the repeatable nor the plastic part of an individual's exploratory behavior predicted multibroodedness. We confirmed our prediction that the resolution of trade-offs may occur either at the within- or among-individual level. Our research contributes to the understanding of life-history evolution in the wild by studying the mechanisms shaping multibroodedness within seasons. --