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984 results for “migratory”
A global analysis of aerial displays in passerines revealed an effect of habitat, mating system and migratory traits
<p><span>Aerial displaying is a flamboyant part of the sexual behaviour of several volant animal groups, including birds. Nevertheless, little attention has been focused on identifying correlates of large-scale diversity in this trait. In this study, we scored the presence and absence of aerial displays in males of 1,732 species of passerine birds (Passeriformes) and employed Bayesian phylogenetically informed mixed models to test for associations between aerial displays and a set of life-history and environmental predictors. Our multivariate models revealed that species with males that perform aerial displays inhabited open rather than closed (forested) habitats. These species also exhibited higher levels of polygyny, had more elongated wings, migrated over longer distances and bred at higher latitudes. When we included species where the sexual function of displays has not been explicitly described but is likely to occur, we found that aerial displaying was also associated with smaller body size and increased male plumage colouration. Our results suggest that both sexual selection and natural selection have been important sources of selection on aerial displays in passerines.</span></p>
Mesocosm experiments reveal the loss of migratory tendencies in a recently isolated population of three-spined sticklebacks
<p>In the 1970s, water management in the Netherlands resulted in numerous isolated populations of three-spined sticklebacks, which can no longer migrate from freshwater to the sea. We tested whether ~50 years of isolation resulted in reduced migratory tendencies in these resident sticklebacks. Lab-based individual testing showed behavioural divergence between residents and migrants, but also produced counter-intuitive results, especially with regards to movement tendencies. To detect differences in migration tendencies, we set up a semi-natural mesocosm, consisting of connected ponds, where movements of numerous individuals could continually be tracked at larger spatial scales. We found that wild-caught residents and migrants exhibited no differences in movement tendencies within ponds, but residents moved significantly less between ponds than migrants. Between-pond movements were consistent and the observed differences were robust across contexts (changes in water flow and group size). Our study reveals that larger-scale movement tendencies can diverge over short time scales in response to human-induced isolation, and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</p>
Data for: Telomere length predicts timing and intensity of migratory behavior in a nomadic songbird
<p>Our understanding of state-dependent behavior is reliant on identifying physiological indicators of condition. Telomeres are of growing interest for understanding behavior as they capture differences in biological state and residual lifespan. To understand the significance of variable telomere lengths for behavior and test two hypotheses describing the relationship between telomeres and behavior (i.e., the causation and the selective adoption hypotheses), we assessed if telomere lengths are longitudinally repeatable traits related to spring migratory behavior in captive pine siskins (<em>Spinus pinus</em>). Pine siskins are nomadic songbirds that exhibit highly flexible, facultative migrations, including a period of spring nomadism. Captive individuals exhibit extensive variation in spring migratory restlessness and are an excellent system for mechanistic studies of migratory behavior. Telomere lengths were found to be significantly repeatable (R = 0.51) over 4 months, and shorter pre-migratory telomeres were associated with earlier and more intense expression of spring nocturnal migratory restlessness. Telomere dynamics did not vary with migratory behavior. Our results describe the relationship between telomere length and migratory behavior and provide support for the selective adoption hypothesis. More broadly, we provide a novel perspective on the significance of variable telomere lengths for animal behavior and the timing of annual cycle events.</p>
Sex, landscape diversity and primary productivity shape the seasonal space use of a migratory European raptor
Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shape the space use of wide-ranging raptors. A large proportion of raptors are migrants that shift their activity ranges between summer and winter habitats, where they encounter different environmental conditions. Analysing the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers on the space use in summer and winter habitats provides crucial insights into the ecology of migratory raptors. Here, we investigated the seasonal space use by 43 red kites (Milvus milvus) tracked by GPS-transmitters across central and south-western Europe over seven years. We compared space use patterns, i.e., activity range sizes and mean daily distances of the birds between summer and winter, and analysed the influence of extrinsic (landscape diversity, primary productivity) and intrinsic factors (sex). Within summer, we investigated the influence of breeding success and sex on activity range sizes. We further analysed differences in habitat availability and habitat selection between seasons. We found that space use was smaller in summers than in winters. When compared to those of males, activity ranges of female red kites were larger in summers and smaller in winters, with shorter mean daily distances in both seasons. Within summer, successfully breeding red kites had smaller activity range sizes in both sexes, but this effect was stronger in females than in males. Regardless of the season, landscape diversity was positively correlated with space use, whereas primary productivity was negatively correlated with it. The habitat use differed between seasons, with agricultural landscapes being less proportionally used in summers than in winters. Overall, we showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shaped space use in both the seasons, leading to differences in space use patterns and habitat use in migratory raptors between their summer and winter habitats. Our findings underline the importance of consideration of the entire annual cycle of migratory species for conservation management.
Data for: Two is better than one: Coupling DNA metabarcoding and stable isotope analysis improves dietary characterizations for a riparian-obligate, migratory songbird
<p>While an increasing number of studies are adopting molecular and chemical methods for dietary characterization, these studies often employ only one of these laboratory-based techniques; an approach which may yield an incomplete, or even biased, understanding of diet due to each method's inherent limitations. To explore the utility of coupling molecular and chemical techniques for dietary characterizations, we applied DNA metabarcoding alongside stable isotope analysis to characterize the dietary niche of breeding Louisiana waterthrush (<em>Parkesia motacilla</em>), a migratory songbird hypothesized to preferentially provision their offspring with pollution-intolerant, aquatic arthropod prey. While DNA metabarcoding was unable to determine if waterthrush provision aquatic and terrestrial prey in different abundances, we found that specific aquatic taxa were more likely to be detected in successive seasons than their terrestrial counterparts, thus supporting the aquatic specialization hypothesis. Our isotopic analysis added greater context to this hypothesis by concluding that breeding waterthrush provisioned Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, two pollution-intolerant, aquatic orders, in higher quantities than other prey groups, and expanded their functional trophic niche when such prey were not abundantly provisioned. Finally, we found that the dietary characterizations from each approach were often uncorrelated, indicating that the results gleaned from a diet study can be particularly sensitive to the applied methodologies. Our findings contribute to a growing body of work indicating the importance of high-quality, aquatic habitats for both consumers and their pollution-intolerant prey, while also demonstrating how the application of multiple, laboratory-based techniques can provide insights not offered by either technique alone.</p>
Do departure and flight route decisions correlate with immune parameters in migratory songbirds?
<p>Many songbirds migrate twice a year to exploit seasonally available resources. These journeys are energetically demanding and the energy reserves of these small birds are limited. Accordingly, most of the time migrating is spent during stopovers that serve to rest, replenish resources and recover. While external influences, like prevailing weather conditions and resource availability, are well studied with regard to stopover behavior and departure decisions, studies on how birds' individual physiological conditions and stopover decisions may be linked are scarce.</p> <p>We used a large-scale radio-telemetry network covering the German Bight (SE North Sea) to study how birds' immunological constitution at stopover may correlate with departure and flight behavior in five species of short- to medium-distance migratory songbirds. We measured markers of the innate (bacterial killing activity, lysozyme concentration, natural antibodies, and complement titers) and acquired immune function (immunoglobulin Y) in the birds' plasma. After sampling, we tracked the birds' behavior in terms of stopover duration as well as flight routes and flight distances within the telemetry network after departure.</p> <p>We found that stopover durations were positively related to natural antibodies and immunoglobulin Y across species and to the bacterial killing ability solely in song thrushes in spring, while no relations became apparent in fall. Flight distances were linked positively to immunoglobulin Y concentrations in both spring and fall, though not in all of the investigated species. Coastal and offshore-oriented routes were taken independent of the birds' immune status.</p> <p>Our study for the first time shows that the migratory behavior of songbirds in the wild is correlated with their immune status, not only during but also beyond stopover. Further, birds with increased complement titers and Immunoglobulin Y concentrations, either due to recent infection or greater investment in their immune function, took additional time at their stopover sites, probably to reach their breeding grounds in good condition. During the less time-constrained fall season, stopovers were generally prolonged, independent from the birds' immune status, and any delays taken to improve immune status are most likely not detrimental in terms of fitness.</p>
Predation strongly limits demography of a keystone migratory herbivore in a recovering transfrontier ecosystem
<p>Large herbivore migrations are imperiled globally; however, the factors limiting a population across its migratory range are typically poorly understood. Zambia's Greater Liuwa Ecosystem (GLE) contains one of the largest remaining blue wildebeest (<em>Connochaetes</em> <em>taurinus</em> <em>taurinus</em>) migrations, yet the population structure, vital rates, and limiting factors are virtually unknown. We conducted a long-term demographic study of GLE wildebeest from 2012–2019 of 107 collared adult females and their calves, 7,352 herd observations, 12 aerial population surveys, and concurrent carnivore studies. We applied methods of vital rate estimation and survival analysis within a Bayesian estimation framework. From herd composition observations, we estimated rates of fecundity, first-year survival, and recruitment as 68%, 56%, and 38% respectively, with pronounced inter-annual variation. Similar rates were estimated from calf detections with collared cows. Adult survival rates declined steadily from 91% at age 2 years to 61% at age 10 years thereafter dropping more sharply to 2% at age 16 years. Predation, particularly by spotted hyena, was the predominant cause of death for all wildebeest ages and focused on older animals. Starvation only accounted for 0.8% of all unbiased known natural causes of death. Mortality risk differed substantially between wet and dry season ranges, reflecting strong spatio-temporal differences in habitat and predator densities. There was substantial evidence that mortality risk to adults was 27% higher in the wet season, and strong evidence that it was 45% higher in the migratory range where predator density was highest. The estimated vital rates were internally consistent, predicting a stable population trajectory consistent with aerial estimates. From essentially zero knowledge of GLE wildebeest dynamics, this work provides vital rates, age structure, limiting factors, and a plausible mechanism for the migratory tendency, and a robust model-based foundation to evaluate the effects of potential restrictions in migratory range, climate change, predator-prey dynamics, and poaching.</p>
Depleted lean body mass after crossing an ecological barrier differentially affects stopover duration and refueling rate among species of long-distance migratory birds
<p>During the long-distance migratory flights of birds, lean mass breakdown occurs in concert with fat catabolism and is expected to have repercussions on total stopover duration because birds require time to rebuild lean tissue before accumulating fat reserves. Despite this, little is known about the role of in-flight lean mass breakdown on stopover duration because direct measurements are restricted by the destructive nature of traditional body composition analysis and the technological limitations of tracking small birds over large expanses. We used non-lethal, non-invasive Quantitative Magnetic Resonance technology and plasma metabolite profiling to measure the body composition and physiological state of free-living birds captured at a migratory stopover site after flight across the Gulf of Mexico, and an automated radiotelemetry array covering ~5000 km<sup>2</sup> to track stopover duration and regional movements. We tested whether stopover duration is prolonged in individuals arriving with lower lean mass and investigated how lean mass affects regional movements. Stopover duration decreased by 22% for each additional gram of lean mass in Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis), but this relationship was not apparent in Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus), or Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), even though these species also arrived with depleted lean mass. Stopover duration increased for Swainson's Thrush with higher plasma uric acid, a marker of protein catabolism. Northern Waterthrush with higher plasma triglycerides had longer stopovers. Our findings suggest that migratory birds may compensate for substantial lean mass losses by increasing refueling rate or relocating habitat, and highlights species-level differences in lean mass breakdown and the associated impacts on physiological function. Our results highlight the strategies used by different species to recover from a trans-Gulf of Mexico flight and resume migration, which improves our understanding of the annual cycle of migratory birds.</p>
Data from: seasonal patterns and processes of migration in a long-distance migratory bird: energy or time minimization?
<p>Optimal migration theory prescribes adaptive strategies of energy, time or mortality minimization. To test alternative hypotheses of energy and time minimization migration we used multisensory data loggers recording time-resolved flight activity and light for positioning by geolocation in a long-distance migratory shorebird, little ringed plover Charadrius dubius. We could reject the hypothesis of energy minimization based on a relationship between stopover duration and subsequent flight time as predicted for a time minimizer. We found seasonally diverging slopes between stopover and flight durations in relation to the progress (time) of migration, which follows for a time minimizing policy if resource gradients increase and decrease, respectively. Total flight duration did not differ significantly between autumn and spring migration, although spring migration was 6% shorter. Overall duration of autumn migration was longer than that in spring, mainly due to a mid-migration stop in most birds, when they likely initiated moult. Overall migration speed was not significantly different between autumn and spring. Migratory flights often occurred as runs of 2-7 nocturnal flights on adjacent days, which may be countering a time minimization strategy. Other factors may influence a preference for nocturnal migration, such as avoiding flight in turbulent conditions, heat stress, and diurnal predators.</p>
Data from: The effect of environmental variation on the relationship between survival and risk-taking behaviour in a migratory songbird
<p>Temporal changes in environmental conditions may play a major role in the year-to-year variation in fitness consequences of behaviours. Identifying environmental drivers of such variation is crucial to understand the evolutionary trajectories of behaviours in natural contexts. However, our understanding of how environmental variation influences behaviours in the wild remains limited. Using data collected over 14 breeding seasons from a collared flycatcher (<em>Ficedula albicollis</em>) population, we examined the effect of environmental variation on the relationship between survival and risk-taking behaviour, a highly variable behavioural trait with great evolutionary and ecological significance. Specifically, using annual recapture probability as a proxy of survival, we evaluated the specific effect of predation pressure, food availability and mean temperature on the relationship between annual recapture probability and risk-taking behaviour (measured as flight initiation distance, FID). We found a negative trend, as the relationship between annual recapture probability and FID decreased over the study years, and changed from positive to negative. Specifically, in the early years of the study, risk-avoiding individuals exhibited a higher annual recapture probability, whereas in the later years, risk-avoiders had a lower annual recapture probability. However, we did not find evidence that any of the considered environmental factors mediated the variation in the relationship between survival and risk-taking behaviour.</p>
Data from: Genetic divergence and one-way gene flow influence contemporary evolution and ecology of a partially migratory fish
<p>Recent work has revealed the importance of contemporary evolution for shaping ecological outcomes. In particular, rapid evolutionary divergence between populations has been shown to impact the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. While studies have focused largely on the role of adaptive divergence in generating ecologically-important variation among populations, much less is known about the role of gene flow in shaping ecological outcomes. After divergence, populations may continue to interact through gene flow, which may influence evolutionary and ecological processes. Here we investigate the role of gene flow in shaping the contemporary evolution and ecology of recently diverged populations of anadromous steelhead / resident rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>). Results show that resident rainbow trout introduced above waterfalls have diverged evolutionarily from downstream anadromous steelhead, which were the source of introductions. However, the movement of fish from above to below the waterfalls has facilitated gene flow, which has reshaped genetic and phenotypic variation in the anadromous source population. In particular, gene flow has led to an increased frequency of residency, which in turn has altered population density, size-structure, and sex ratio. This result establishes gene flow as a contemporary evolutionary process that can have important ecological outcomes. From a management perspective, anadromous steelhead are generally regarded as a higher conservation priority than resident rainbow trout, even when found within the same watershed. Our results show that anadromous and resident <em>O. mykiss</em> populations may be connected via gene flow, with important ecological consequences. Such eco-evolutionary processes should be considered when managing recently diverged populations connected by gene flow.</p>
Movement of juvenile migratory birds from settlement to adulthood across the non-breeding range
<p>Among migratory vertebrates, high levels of fidelity to non-breeding sites during adulthood are common. If occupied sites vary in quality, strong site-fidelity can have profound consequences for individual fitness and population demography. Given the prevalance of adult site-fidelity, the regions of the non-breeding range to which juveniles first migrate, and the scale of any subsequent movements, are likely to be pivotal in shaping distributions and demographic processes across population ranges. However, inherent difficulties in tracking migratory individuals through early life mean that opportunities to quantify juvenile settlement and movements across non-breeding ranges, and the mechanisms involved, are extremely rare.Through long-term, range-wide resightings of hundreds of colour-marked individuals from their first migration to adulthood, and application of state-space models, we quantify levels of juvenile and adult regional-scale movements and distances at different life stages across the whole non-breeding distribution range in a migratory shorebird, the Black-tailed Godwit (<em>Limosa limosa islandica</em>). We show that the probability of individuals changing non-breeding regions (seven historical wintering regions spanning the Western Europe range) at all ages are very low (mean movement probability = 10.9% from first to subsequent winter, and 8.3% from first adult winter to later winters). Movement between regions was also low between autumn and winter of the same year for both juveniles (mean movement probability = 17.0%) and adults (10.4%). The great majority of non-breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood were within regions and less than 100 km. The scarcity of regional-scale non-breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood means that the factors influencing where juveniles settle will be key determinants of non-breeding distributions and of the rate and direction of changes in distributions.</p>
Fig. 5 in The Migratory Fattening Of The Barn Swallow Hirundo Rustica In Hungary
Fig. 5. Daily average body mass for juvenile and adult Barn Swallows at Izsák between 2000–2002
Fig. 2 in The Migratory Fattening Of The Barn Swallow Hirundo Rustica In Hungary
Fig. 2. Differences in residuals from ANCOVA models between Ócsa and Izsák in 2002
Fig. 4 in The Migratory Fattening Of The Barn Swallow Hirundo Rustica In Hungary
Fig. 4. Differences in body mass of Barn Swallows between years at Izsák 2000–2002
Fig. 3 in The Migratory Fattening Of The Barn Swallow Hirundo Rustica In Hungary
Fig. 3. Daily average body mass for juvenile and adult Barn Swallows at Ócsa and Izsák in 2002
Fig. 1 in The Migratory Fattening Of The Barn Swallow Hirundo Rustica In Hungary
Fig. 1. Differences in body mass and fat score of Barn Swallows between Ócsa and Izsák in 2002
Data from: Habitat security pattern of migratory birds in Dalian (transit station)
<p>Dalian is an important "transit station" for migratory birds in the East Asian-Australasian flyway,located at the throat of the habitat of migratory birds in the Yellow (Bohai) Sea, and is an important stop,foraging and breeding place for migratory birds in the long-distance migration process.Based on the idea of Land-sea integration, this study aims to promote the improvement of the ecological environment of migratory bird habitats, enhance species diversity, and strengthen population exchange, identify the habitat security pattern in the "transit station" area, and put forward restoration suggestions. By selecting important habitat patches from the MSPA model, landscape connectivity analysis, and important bird habitats in Dalian, the random movement of birds was simulated through circuit theory, and the ecological corridors and important corridor nodes of migratory birds were identified to construct a habitat security pattern. The results of the study identified the ecological reserves, key areas, and areas to be restored in the study area. Among them, the areas to be restored are graded according to the importance of ecological security, and targeted restoration strategies are proposed. The habitat security pattern of migratory birds constructed in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the protection of migratory bird habitats.</p>
Fig. 2. A in Studen Kladenets Reservoir (CS Bulgaria), a stopover of the migratory Great White Pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758) through the Balkan Peninsula
Fig. 2. A Great White Pelican, Studen Kladenets Reservoir, 26 August 2020. Photo: Zlatozar Z. Boev.
FIGURE 3 in Radiotagging a long-distance migratory characid fish: reproduction after surgery, tag losses, and effects in weight
FIGURE 3 | Fecundity (oocytes by gram of body weight) compared among treatments.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.