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336 results for “plastic response”

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dryad28/100

Data from: Plastic and evolutionary responses of cell size and number to larval malnutrition in Drosophila melanogaster

Both development and evolution under chronic malnutrition lead to reduced adult size in Drosophila. We studied the contribution of changes in size vs. number of epidermal cells to plastic and evolutionary reduction of wing size in response to poor larval food. We used flies from six populations selected for tolerance to larval malnutrition and from six unselected control populations, raised either under standard conditions or under larval malnutrition. In the control populations, phenotypic plasticity of wing size was mediated by both cell size and cell number. In contrast, evolutionary change in wing size, which was only observed as a correlated response expressed on standard food, was mediated entirely by reduction in cell number. Plasticity of cell number had been lost in the selected populations, and cell number did not differ between the sexes despite males having smaller wings. Results of this and other experimental evolution studies are consistent with the hypothesis that alleles which increase body size through prolonged growth affect wing size mostly via cell number, whereas alleles which increase size through higher growth rate do so via cell size.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

zenodo28/100

Supplementary material 2 from: Muraro M, Romagnoli S, Barzaghi B, Falaschi M, Manenti R, Ficetola GF (2021) Invasive predators induce plastic and adaptive responses during embryo development in a threatened frog. NeoBiota 70: 69-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.70.65454

Raw data

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Plasticity of snowy plover incubation behaviors in response to risks of nest predation

Nest predation influences population dynamics and is thought to exert strong selection on the evolution of avian life history. Because parental behaviors can attract the attention of nest predators, incubating birds are predicted to decrease conspicuous behaviors at the nest-site and increase incubation constancy when risks of nest predation are high. We examined whether snowy plovers Charadrius nivosus responded to predator-specific risks of nest predation, using the number of off bouts and daily nest attendance (proportion of time spent incubating) as responses. We quantified risks using predator-specific hazard rates of nest mortality, which varied daily and were based on habitat characteristics at each nest. We assessed the influence of predator-specific risks of nest mortality on incubation behaviors using an individual-centering approach, allowing us to explain variation in incubation behaviors within and among breeding pairs. We found increased number of off bouts and nest attendance within breeding pairs in response to increasing risks of nest predation by foxes (Vulpes spp.) and gulls (Larus spp.), but not coyotes (Canis latrans) and common ravens (Corvus corax). Among breeding pairs across habitats, we found increased nest attendance in response to higher risks of nest predation by foxes, but not coyotes, gulls, or ravens. Breeding pairs differed in the amount of behavioral plasticity they exhibited in response to risks of nest predation. Our results suggest that risks of nest predation differentially influence behavioral responses of snowy plovers depending on the predator species, and the amount of behavioral plasticity may depend on characteristics of breeding adults.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad28/100

What doesn't kill you can make you stronger: variation in plasticity in response to early temporally heterogeneous hydrological experience

Temporally heterogeneous environments may drive rapid and continuous plastic responses, leading to highly variable plasticity in traits. However, direct experimental evidence for such meta-plasticity due to environmental heterogeneity is rare. Our objective was to investigate the effects of early experience with temporally heterogeneous water availability on the subsequent plasticity of plant species in response to water conditions. We subjected eight plant species from three habitats, four exotic and four native to North America, to initial exposure to either a first round of alternating drought and inundation treatment (Ehet, temporally heterogeneous experience) or a consistently moderate water supply (Ehom, homogeneous experience), and to a second round of drought, moderate watering or inundation treatments. Afterwards the performance in a series of traits of these species, after the first and second rounds of treatments, was measured. Compared to Ehom, Ehet increased final mean total mass of all species considered together, but did not affect mean mortality. Ehet relative to Ehom, decreased the initial total mass of native species as a group, but increased the mass of exotic species or species from hydric habitats; Ehet also increased the late growth of natives, but did not for exotics, and increased the late growth of mesic species more than xeric and hydric species. <div> Our results suggest that previous exposure to temporal heterogeneity in water supply may be not beneficial immediately, but can be beneficial for plant growth and response to water stress later in a plant's lifetime. Heterogeneous experiences may not necessarily enhance the degree of plasticity, but may improve the expression of plasticity in terms of better performance later, effects of which differ for different groups of species, suggesting species-specific strategies for dealing with fluctuating abiotic environments. Synthesis. Previous temporally heterogeneous experience can benefits plant growth later in life though modulating the expression of plasticity, leading to adaptive meta-plasticity. Studies of meta-plasticity may not only improve our understanding of the importance of variable plasticity in relation how plants cope with environmental challenges, but also the costs versus benefits of plastic responses and its limits over the long term. </div>

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm

Sexual selection is considered a potent evolutionary force in all sexually reproducing organisms, but direct tests in terms of experimental evolution of sexual traits are still lacking for simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Here, we tested how evolution under enforced monogamy affected a suite of reproductive traits (including testis area, sex allocation, genital morphology, sperm morphology and mating behaviour) in the outcrossing hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano, using an assay that also allowed the assessment of phenotypically plastic responses to group size. The experiment comprised 32 independent selection lines that evolved under either monogamy or polygamy for 20 generations. While we did not observe an evolutionary shift in sex allocation, we detected effects of the selection regime for two male morphological traits. Specifically, worms evolving under enforced monogamy had a distinct shape of the male copulatory organ and produced sperm with shorter appendages. Many traits that did not evolve under enforced monogamy showed phenotypic plasticity in response to group size. Notably, individuals that grew up in larger groups had a more male-biased sex allocation and produced slightly longer sperm than individuals raised in pairs. We conclude that, in this flatworm, enforced monogamy induced moderate evolutionary but substantial phenotypically plastic responses.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: The genetic architecture of constitutive and induced trichome density in two new RIL populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: phenotypic plasticity, epistasis, and bidirectional leaf damage response

Background: Herbivory imposes an important selective pressure on plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichomes provide a key defense against insect herbivory; however, trichome production incurs a fitness cost in the absence of herbivory. Previous work on A. thaliana has shown an increase in trichome density in response to leaf damage, suggesting a mechanism by which the cost associated with constitutively high trichome density might be mitigated; however, the genetic basis of trichome density induction has not been studied. Results: Here, we describe the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for constitutive and damage induced trichome density in two new recombinant inbred line populations of A. thaliana; mapping for constitutive and induced trichome density also allowed for the investigation of damage response (plasticity) QTL. Both novel and previously identified QTL for constitutive trichome density and the first QTL for induced trichome density and response are identified. Interestingly, two of the four parental accessions and multiple RILs in each population exhibited lower trichome density following leaf damage, a response not previously described in A. thaliana. Importantly, a single QTL was mapped for the response phenotype and allelic variation at this locus appears to determine response trajectory in RILs. The data also show that epistatic interactions are a significant component of the genetic architecture of trichome density. Conclusions: Together, our results provide further insights into the genetic architecture of constitutive trichome density and new insights into induced trichome density in A. thaliana specifically and to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of natural variation generally.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Mitochondrial genotype and phenotypic plasticity of gene expression in response to cold acclimation in killifish

Adjustments of aerobic metabolic processes are critical components of organismal responses to environmental change that require tight co-ordination between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Intraspecific differences in mitochondrial genotype can affect gene transcription in both genomes. Thus, variation in mitochondrial genotype may be associated with differences in the plasticity of gene expression when organisms are faced with changes in environmental conditions. Cold acclimation is known to result in metabolic responses involving increases in mitochondrial amount and capacity, suggesting that low temperatures may pose a particular challenge when co-ordinating the functions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In this study, we utilized RNA-seq to assess transcriptome-wide gene expression in the muscle of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a population that contains segregating variation in mitochondrial genotype. We examined gene expression plasticity in response to 5°C acclimation and the effects of mitochondrial genotype on this plasticity. Cold acclimation resulted in changes in gene expression consistent with up-regulation of genes involved in many cellular functions, including spliceosomal and proteasomal processes, and with down-regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix, muscle contraction and oxidative phosphorylation functions. There were few differences in gene expression between killifish with different mitochondrial genotypes: 14 genes demonstrated significant interactions between mitochondrial genotype and acclimation temperature and 3 genes demonstrated effects of mitochondrial genotype alone. These results indicate that variation in mitochondrial genotype has modest effects on gene expression; the majority of which are revealed as differences in plasticity as a result of environmental change.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov28/100

Regulating Homeostatic Plasticity and the Physiological Response to rTMS

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03309696. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

dryad28/100