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487 results for “population differences”
FIGURES 19–20. 19 in A new species of the hysius species-group of Calisto Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) and insights into the status of different populations currently attributed to C. grannus Bates
FIGURES 19–20. 19—Geographic distribution of C. grannus populations, nomenclature follows Sourakov & Zakharov (2011). 20—Median Joining Haplotype network obtained in Network v. 5.0; circles size proportional to number of sequences; gray circles are hypothetical haplotypes; black circles represent changes; colors represent subspecies sensu Sourakov & Zakharov (2011).
FIGURES 1–8 in A new species of the hysius species-group of Calisto Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) and insights into the status of different populations currently attributed to C. grannus Bates
FIGURES 1–8. Adults of the hysius species group of Calisto. 1–2 C. bahoruco new species, male holotype, Villa Nizao, Paraíso, Barahona, República Dominicana: 1—upper surface, 2—under surface. 3–4 C. bahoruco new species, male paratype, same data: 3—upper surface, 4—under surface. 5–6 C. bahoruco new species, female paratype, same data: 5—upper surface, 6—under surface. 7–8 Under surface C. hysius, Los Arroyos, Pedernales, Sierra de Bahoruco, República Dominicana: 7— male, 8—female. Scale bar 10 mm. Pictures by Antonio R. Pérez–Asso.
Data for: Population structure and inbreeding in wild house mice (Mus musculus) at different geographic scales
<p>House mice (<em>Mus musculus</em>) have spread globally as a result of their commensal relationship with humans. In the form of laboratory strains, both inbred and outbred, they are also among the most widely-used model organisms in biomedical research. Although the general outlines of house mouse dispersal and population structure are well known, details have been obscured by either limited sample size or small numbers of markers. Here we examine ancestry, population structure, and inbreeding using SNP microarray genotypes in a cohort of 814 wild mice spanning five continents and all major subspecies of <em>Mus</em>, with a focus on <em>M. m. domesticus</em>. We find that the major axis of genetic variation in <em>M. m. domesticus</em> is a south-to-north gradient within Europe and the Mediterranean. The dominant ancestry component in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and various small offshore islands is of northern European origin. Next, we show that inbreeding is surprisingly pervasive and highly variable, even between nearby populations. By inspecting the length distribution of homozygous segments in individual genomes, we find that inbreeding in commensal populations is mostly due to consanguinity. Our results offer new insight into the natural history of an important model organism for medicine and evolutionary biology.</p>
Microsatellite data for Prosopis species sampled from different non-native populations in Kenya and Ethiopia
<p>Microsatellite data for seven loci and 711 individuals of <em>P. juliflora</em> and <em>P. pallida</em> sampled from non-native populations from Kenya and Ethiopia.</p>
Fig. 2 a in Does size matter? Comparative population genetics of two butterflies with different wingspans
Fig. 2 a Map showing the groups formed when individuals were divided into populations based on sampling proximity (AGA Agastyamalais, ANA Anamalais, WAC Wayanad and Coorg, and NKAR North Karnataka). b and c Spatial multivariate analysis in sPCA. Squares represent first axis sPCA scores for b ML and c YB. In this figure, the color of the squares denotes positive (black) or negative (white) spatial autocorrelation, and the size of the squares denotes the magnitude of genetic variance. Thus, squares of different sizes are used to represent different absolute values: large black squares are well differentiated from large white squares, but small squares are less differentiated
Fig. 1 Sampling locations. A in Does size matter? Comparative population genetics of two butterflies with different wingspans
Fig. 1 Sampling locations. A map of the Western Ghats showing sampling locations for both species. Inset: map of India showing the location of the Western Ghats in blue
FIGURE 1 in Survivorship Rates Of Adult Anolis Mariarum (Squamata: Polychrotidae) In Two Populations With Differing Mean And Asymptotic Body Sizes
FIGURE 1: Documented distribution of Anolis mariarum in northern Colombia, with the location of the Caldas and Santa Elena study sites indicated by the filled circles.
FIGURE 5. Nutlets from different populations. A in The identity of Onosma liui (Boraginaceae) from Sichuan, China
FIGURE 5. Nutlets from different populations. A, Maerkang, Kai Wu, XMLY12019; B, Rangtang, Kai Wu, XMLY12033; C, Jinchuan, Yi He & Ti-Ran Huang, BNU2018SC023; D, Zuogong, Yi He & Ti-Ran Huang, BNU2018SC120. Photographs: Yi He.
Data from: Functional and population genomic divergence within and between two species of killifish adapted to different osmotic niches
Adaptation to salinity affects species distributions, promotes speciation, and guides many evolutionary patterns in fishes. To uncover the basis of a complex trait like osmoregulation, genome-level analyses are sensible. We combine population genomic scans with genome expression profiling to discover candidate genes and pathways associated with divergence between osmotic environments. We compared transcriptome sequence divergence between multiple freshwater and saltwater populations of the rainwater killifish, Lucania parva. We also compared sequence divergence between L. parva and its sister species, Lucania goodei, a freshwater specialist. We found highly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between freshwater and saltwater L. parva populations in cell junction and ion transport genes, including V-type H+ ATPase. Between species, we found divergence in reproduction and osmotic stress genes. Genes that were differentially expressed between species during osmotic acclimation included genes involved in ion transport and cell volume regulation. Gene sets that were divergent in coding sequence and divergent in expression did not overlap, although they did converge in function. Like many studies using genomic scans, our approach may miss some loci that contribute to adaptation but have complicated patterns of allelic variation. Our study suggests that gene expression and coding sequence may evolve independently as populations adapt to a complex physiological challenge.
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity and population differences in blue tits personality traits
Environmental heterogeneity can result in spatial variation in selection pressures that can produce local adaptations. The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts that habitat-specific selective pressures will favor the coevolution of personality, physiological, and life-history phenotypes. Few studies so far have compared these traits simultaneously across different ecological conditions. In this study, we compared 3 personality traits (handling aggression, exploration speed in a novel environment, and nest defense behavior) and 1 physiological trait (heart rate during manual restraint) across 3 Corsican blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) populations. These populations are located in contrasting habitats (evergreen vs. deciduous) and are situated in 2 different valleys 25 km apart. Birds from these populations are known to differ in life-history characteristics, with birds from the evergreen habitat displaying a slow pace-of-life, and birds from the deciduous habitat a comparatively faster pace-of-life. We expected personality to differ across populations, in line with the differences in pace-of-life documented for life-history traits. As expected, we found behavioral differences among populations. Despite considerable temporal variation, birds exhibited lower handling aggression in the evergreen populations. Exploration speed and male heart rate also differed across populations, although our results for exploration speed were more consistent with a phenotypic difference between the 2 valleys than between habitats. There were no clear differences in nest defense intensity among populations. Our study emphasizes the role of environmental heterogeneity in shaping population divergence in personality traits at a small spatial scale.
Data from: Locomotor performance of cane toads differs between native-range and invasive populations
Invasive species provide a robust opportunity to evaluate how animals deal with novel environmental challenges. Shifts in locomotor performance—and thus the ability to disperse—(and especially, the degree to which it is constrained by thermal and hydric extremes) are of special importance, because they might affect the rate that an invader can spread. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) across a broad geographical range: two populations within the species' native range in Brazil, two invasive populations on the island of Hawai'i and eight invasive populations encompassing the eastern, western and southern limits of the toad invasion in Australia. A toad's locomotor performance on a circular raceway was strongly affected by both its temperature and its hydration state, but the nature and magnitude of those constraints differed across populations. In their native range, cane toads exhibited relatively low performance (even under optimal test conditions) and a rapid decrease in performance at lower temperatures and hydration levels. At the other extreme, performance was high in toads from southern Australia, and virtually unaffected by desiccation. Hawai'ian toads broadly resembled their Brazilian conspecifics, plausibly reflecting similar climatic conditions. The invasion of Australia has been accompanied by a dramatic enhancement in the toads' locomotor abilities, and (in some populations) by an ability to maintain locomotor performance even when the animal is cold and/or dehydrated. The geographical divergences in performance among cane toad populations graphically attest to the adaptability of invasive species in the face of novel abiotic challenges.
Data from: Genetically distinct populations of northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, in the North Atlantic: adaptation to different temperatures as an isolation factor
The large-scale population genetic structure of northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, was investigated over the species' range in the North Atlantic, identifying multiple genetically distinct groups. Genetic divergence among sample localities varied among 10 microsatellite loci (range: FST = −0.0002 to 0.0475) with a highly significant average (FST = 0.0149; P < 0.0001). In contrast, little or no genetic differences were observed among temporal replicates from the same localities (FST = 0.0004; P = 0.33). Spatial genetic patterns were compared to geographic distances, patterns of larval drift obtained through oceanographic modelling, and temperature differences, within a multiple linear regression framework. The best-fit model included all three factors and explained approximately 29% of all spatial genetic divergence. However, geographic distance and larval drift alone had only minor effects (2.5–4.7%) on large-scale genetic differentiation patterns, whereas bottom temperature differences explained most (26%). Larval drift was found to promote genetic homogeneity in parts of the study area with strong currents, but appeared ineffective across large temperature gradients. These findings highlight the breakdown of gene flow in a species with a long pelagic larval phase (up to 3 months) and indicate a role for local adaptation to temperature conditions in promoting evolutionary diversification and speciation in the marine environment.
Data from: Ecological drift and local exposures drive gastrointestinal bacterial community differences among Galápagos iguana populations
Diet strongly influences the intestinal microbial communities through species sorting. Alternatively, these communicates may differ because of chance variation in local microbial exposures or species losses among allopatric host populations (i.e. ecological drift). We investigated how these forces shape enteric communities of Galápagos marine and land iguanas. Geographically proximate populations shared more similar communities within a host ecotype, suggesting a role for ecological drift during host colonization of the islands. Additionally, evidence of taxa sharing between proximate heterospecific host populations suggests that contemporary local exposures also influence the gut community assembly. While selective forces such as host-bacterial interactions or dietary differences are dominant drivers of intestinal community differences among hosts, historical and contemporary processes of ecological drift may lead to differences in bacterial composition within a host species. Whether such differences in community structure translate into geographic variation in benefits derived from these intimate microbial communities remains to be explored.
Data from: Sexual differences in head form and diet in a population of Mexican Lance-headed Rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus
Sexual dimorphism of phenotypic traits associated with resource use is common in animals, and may result from niche divergence between sexes. Snakes have become widely used in studies of the ecological basis of sexual dimorphism because they are gape-limited predators and their head morphology is likely to be a direct indicator of the size and shape of prey consumed. We examined sexual dimorphism of body size and head morphology, and sexual differences in diet in a population of Mexican lance-headed rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus, from the State of México, Mexico. Maximum snout–vent length of males was greater than that of females by 21%. Males had relatively larger heads, and differed from females in head shape after removing effects of head size. In addition, male rattlesnakes showed positive allometry in head shape: head width was amplified while snout length was truncated with increased head size. In contrast, our data did not provide clear evidence of allometry in head shape of females. Adults of both males and females ate predominately mice and voles; however, males also consumed a greater proportion of larger mammalian species, and fewer small prey species. The differences in diet correspond with dimorphism in head morphology, and provide evidence of intersexual niche divergence in our study population. However, because the sexes overlapped greatly in diet, we hypothesize that diet and head dimorphisms in C. polystictus are likely related to different selection pressures in each sex arising from preexisting body size differences rather than from character displacement for reducing intersexual competition.
Data from: Population genetic structure of the tree-hole tick Ixodes arboricola (Acari: Ixodidae) at different spatial scales
The endophilic tick Ixodes arboricola infests cavity-nesting birds, and its dispersal strongly depends on the movements of its host. Population genetic structure of I. arboricola was studied with seven polymorphic microsatellite markers. We collected 268 ticks from 76 nest boxes in four woodlots near Antwerp, Belgium. These nest boxes are mainly used by the principal hosts of I. arboricola, the great tit Parus major and the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus. As these birds typically return to the same cavity for roosting or breeding, ticks within nest boxes were expected to be highly related, and tick populations were expected to be spatially structured among woodlots and among nest boxes within woodlots. In line with the expectations, genetic population structure was found among woodlots and among nest boxes within woodlots. Surprisingly, there was considerable genetic variation among ticks within nest boxes. This could be explained by continuous gene flow from ticks from nearby tree holes, yet this remains to be tested. A pairwise relatedness analysis conducted for all pairs of ticks within nest boxes showed that relatedness among larvae was much higher than among later instars, which suggests that larvae are the most important instar for tick dispersal. Overall, tick populations at the studied spatial scale are not as differentiated as predicted, which may influence the scale at which host–parasite evolution occurs.
Data from: Do the same genes underlie parallel phenotypic divergence in different Littorina saxatilis populations?
Parallel patterns of adaptive divergence and speciation are cited as powerful evidence for the role of selection driving these processes. However, it is often not clear whether parallel phenotypic divergence is underlain by parallel genetic changes. Here, we asked about the genetic basis of parallel divergence in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which has repeatedly evolved coexisting ecotypes adapted to either crab predation or wave action. We sequenced the transcriptome of snails of both ecotypes from three distant geographical locations (Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom) and mapped the reads to the L. saxatilis reference genome. We identified genomic regions potentially under divergent selection between ecotypes within each country, using an outlier approach based on FST values calculated per locus. In line with previous studies indicating that gene reuse is generally common, we expected to find extensive sharing of outlier loci due to recent shared ancestry and gene flow between at least two of the locations in our study system. Contrary to our expectations, we found that most outliers were country specific, suggesting that much of the genetic basis of divergence is not shared among locations. However, we did find that more outliers were shared than expected by chance and that differentiation of shared outliers is often generated by the same SNPs. We discuss two mechanisms potentially explaining the limited amount of sharing we observed. First, a polygenic basis of divergent traits might allow for multiple distinct molecular mechanisms generating the same phenotypic patterns. Second, additional, location-specific axes of selection that we did not focus on in this study may produce distinct patterns of genetic divergence within each site.
Figure 6 in Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider
Figure 6. Schematic diagram showing the phonological patterns of central Argentina (CA) and southern Uruguay (SU) populations during the year. Note the clear temporal separation between the sexual periods of both populations and the overwintering only of females in SU as well as only of immature individuals in CA. ♀eggs + spid: females carrying eggsac or spiderlings (maternal period); Immature indiv: immature (juveniles and penultimate) individuals; ♀♀: females (most of them mated).
Figure 3. Mean temperature and annual rainfall during 2010–2011 in Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider
Figure 3. Mean temperature and annual rainfall during 2010–2011, according to the Portal Oficial del Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) and the Dirección Nacional de Meteorología (Uruguay).
Figure 2 in Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider
Figure 2. Characteristic landscape of both locations under study: (A) central Argentina, (B) southern Uruguay.
Figure 1 in Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider
Figure 1. Location of A. lagotis populations: central Argentina (CA) (Ascochinga, Sierras Chicas, Córdoba, Argentina), southern Uruguay (SU) (Piedras de Afilar, Canelones, Uruguay) and Brazilian populations of Minas Gerais (MG) and São Pablo (SP).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.