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FIGURES 7–12. Panolcus male habitus and aedeagus images. 7 in A second species of the genus Panolcus Gerstaecker 1860 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae: Cryptorhynchini) from French Guiana and Suriname with taxonomic changes in Cryptorhynchini
FIGURES 7–12. Panolcus male habitus and aedeagus images. 7, Panolcus filirostris habitus, lateral; 8, Panolcus filirostris habitus, dorsal; 9, Panolcus filirostris habitus, ventral; 10, Panolcus filirostris aedeagus, dorsal view; 11, Panolcus filirostris aedeagus, lateral view; 12, Panolcus scolopax aedeagus, dorsal view.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 13. Male genitalia of Virbia medarda from French Guiana, Coralie track [ML dissection 3077]. A, ventral view with aedeagus in situ; B, ventral view; C, dorsalview; D, partial ventrolateral view; E, aedeagus dorsal view; F, aedeagus, lateral view. A–C, to scale shown in #B; D, enlarged; E–F to scale as shown in #E.
FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 11. Virbia medarda from Trinidad and Tobago (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. A, ♂, Tobago, Speyside, MVL, 14–17.v.1982. B, ♂, Trinidad, Lalaja Ridge, MVL, 3.ix.1982. C, ♂, Trinidad, Caura Valley, Nr. Caura, MVL, 24.ix.1978. D, ♂, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 6.viii.1982. E, ♂, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 30.vii.1981. F, ♀, Trinidad, Pitch Lake, 28.viii.1982. G, ♀, Trinidad, Lalaja South Road, 1.5 milestone, 29.viii.1978. All to scale, x 1.5.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 6. Cramer's published figures of female Trichromia onytes (Cramer [1777], plate 165E) (edited from Biodiversity Heritage Library) and male T. psamas (Cramer [1779], p. 72, plate 234G) (edited from an original copy).
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 9. Male genitalia of Trichromia onytes onytes morph (ML3370) (above) and T. onytes psamas morph (ML3371) (below) from French Guiana, Kaw Road. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, aedeagus lateral views. All to scale as shown.
FIGURE 3. Castrica oweni from Trinidad. A, B in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 3. Castrica oweni from Trinidad. A, B male, Curepe, MVL, 4.x.1979 [MJWC], dorsal and ventral view. C, D female, Morne Bleu Textel Installation, at light, 3.viii.1978 [MJWC], dorsal and ventral view.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of Castrica phalaenoides (above, Belize, ML3516) and C. oweni (= C. sordidior) (below, French Guiana, ML2845). A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, right valve, internal view; E, aedeagus lateral view.
FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 7. Trichromia onytes from Trinidad (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. A–B, psamas morph, dorsal and ventral views, Morne Bleu Textel Installation, at light, 20.ix.1978, 29 mm. C, onytes morph (dissected), dorsal view, Valencia Forest, MVL, 31.vii.1980, 30 mm. D, intermediate morph, dorsal view, Inniss Field, MVL, 17.v.1999, 31 mm. E–F, female onytes morph, dorsal and ventral views, Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL, 18.vii.1981, 31 mm. Not to scale; wingspans in legend.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 5. Additional un-named male forms of Pryteria costata. A, French Guiana, Apatou, PK 26, 1.x.2013, 126 m, [ML] 26 mm. B, French Guiana, Kaw Road, PK 38, 21.i.1996 [ML] 30 mm. C, Paraguay, Kanindeyu, Agr. Amiticio, 23.viii.2008 [ML] 31 mm. D, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 1.ii.1981 [MJWC] 37 mm. Not to scale; wingspans in legend.
FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago
FIGURE 4. Holotypes, lectotypes and an original illustration of Pryteria spp. (see Table 1 for details). Seven types are in NHMUK (©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), two types are in USNM, one in OUNHM, and one in ZHMB (with permission). The image of P. costata was edited from Möschler (1883) downloaded from ZOBODAT (https://www.zobodat.at/publikation_volumes.php?id=28027).
Data from: Multidecadal changes in functional diversity lag behind the recovery of taxonomic diversity
<p>1. While there has been increasing interest in how taxonomic diversity is changing over time, less is known about how long-term taxonomic changes may affect ecosystem functioning and resilience. Exploring long-term patterns of functional diversity can provide key insights into the capacity of a community to carry out ecological processes and the redundancy of species' roles.</p> <p>2. We focus on a protected freshwater system located in a national park in southeast Germany. We use a high-resolution benthic macroinvertebrate dataset spanning 32 years (1983 – 2014) and test if changes in functional diversity are reflected in taxonomic diversity using a multidimensional trait-based approach and regression analyses. Specifically, we asked: i) How has functional diversity changed over time? ii) How functionally distinct are the community's taxa? iii) Are changes in functional diversity concurrent with taxonomic diversity? iv) What is the extent of community functional redundancy?</p> <p>3. Resultant from acidification mitigation, macroinvertebrate taxonomic diversity increased over the study period. Recovery of functional diversity was less pronounced, lagging behind responses of taxonomic diversity. Over multi-decadal timescales, the macroinvertebrate community has become more homogenous with a high degree of functional redundancy, despite being isolated from direct anthropogenic activity.</p> <p>4. While taxonomic diversity increased over time, functional diversity has yet to catch up. These results demonstrate that anthropogenic pressures can remain a threat to biotic communities even in protected areas. The differences in taxonomic and functional recovery processes highlight the need to incorporate functional traits in assessments of biodiversity responses to global change.</p>
FIGURE 4. Distribution maps. A in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 4. Distribution maps. A. Euphorbia crassa (green), E. xylophylloides (red); B. E. agatheae (green), E. atimovatae (red).
FIGURE. Lectotype of Euphorbia croizatii Leandri, Decary 9373 (MNHN-P-P00094462). Credits: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE. Lectotype of Euphorbia croizatii Leandri, Decary 9373 (MNHN-P-P00094462). Credits: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 2. Euphorbia itampolensis, live plant at Itampolo. A. yellow variation with spines; B. yellow with red stripes; C. reddish green variation; D. habit. Credits: P.Pavelka (A–D).
FIGURE 24. Euphorbia graciliramulosa. A in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 24. Euphorbia graciliramulosa. A. young branch; B. detail of the spination; C. branch with brachyblasts and inflorecence. Credits: W.L.A.Hetterscheid (A–C) and T.Haevermans (D).
FIGURE 0 in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 0. Euphorbia rubrostriata. Holotype of Euphorbia mainiana Poisson (=E. rubrostriata Drake), Geay 5929 (MNHN-P- P00078027). Credits: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
FIGURE 20 in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 20. Euphorbia perrierioides in cultivation. A. detail of the inflorescence showing the campanulate cyathia and cyathophylls; B. detail of the stem and spination; C. detail off the rootstock and basal part of the stem showing the bulbous hypocotyl; D. detail of a leaf showing the venation and petiole. Credits: J.Spannring (A) and W.L.A.Hetterscheid (B–D).
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE 9. Euphorbia multibrachiata in cultivation, detail of the adult branching pattern. Credits: J.Spannring.
FIGURE. Euphorbia spannringii Haev. & Hett. A. inflorescences, male stage; B. young fruits; C. habit, with leaves showing the characteristic white fishbone pattern and inflorescences at various stages. Credits: J.Spannring (A–C). in Taxonomic changes and new species in Malagasy Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
FIGURE. Euphorbia spannringii Haev. & Hett. A. inflorescences, male stage; B. young fruits; C. habit, with leaves showing the characteristic white fishbone pattern and inflorescences at various stages. Credits: J.Spannring (A–C).
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