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Figure 9 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 9. Cohabiting female (top, left, and 2) and male (bottom, left, and 3) Myrmarachne cornuta, at Tanjung Bungah, Penang, Malaysia, 23 DEC 2020. Attribution and ©: 1-3, Albert Kang.

Figure 2 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 2. Final moult by Myrmarachne plataleoides. 1, Adult male resting near exuvium (arrow) after moulting in his nest. 2- 5, Penultimate female moulting to adult stage while hanging from a dragline at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 6, The same female resting on the underside of a leaf after moulting. Photographs taken at 20:32 (2-5) and 20:33 (6) on 13 DEC 2022 at the Indraprastha Organic Farm.

Figure 1 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 1. Nest of Myrmarachne plataleoides containing exuvium (arrows), between two leaves occupied by Indian red bug nymphs, Probergrothius sanguinolens (Amyot & Serville 1843). 3, Note the terrestrial planarian (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) resting above this nest. Photographs taken at 20:20 on 11 JUL 2022 at the Indraprastha Organic Farm.

Figure 6 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 6. Agonistic encounter between two male Myrmarachne maxillosa at Ang Mo Kio, Singapore (3 DEC 2022). 1-2, Stage II positions, with pedipalps and chelicerae extended laterall, and fangs extended. Note the long spines on legs I (1). 3-4, Stage III (grappling) positions, with chelicerae interlocked. Attribution and ©: 1-4, klearad.

Figure 3 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 3. Colonial nesting by female Myrmarachne plataleoides at two different localities. These appear to be adult females. 2, Note the two egg clusters and the exuvium in one of these nests (arrow). Attribution and ©: 2, Chathuri Jayatissa.

Figure 8 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 8. Three examples (1-2, 3, 4-5) of cohabitation, or the guarding of a penultimate female by an adult male Myrmarachne plataleoides at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 4-5, This male is black in color and we cannot be certain that it represents the same species as the female. See Hill & Abhijith (2022) for a related discussion.

Figure 11 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia

Figure 11. Sequential photographs showing the defence by this female Myrmarachne plataleoides. 1-2, As the defending female approached, the attacking Cheiracanthium was biting through the silk layers of one of the nests. 4-5, After the attacker was driven away, the defending female looked for it, and followed it with legs I raised.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Effects of thermal fluctuations on biological processes: A meta-analysis of experiments manipulating thermal variability

Thermal variability is a key driver of ecological processes, affecting organisms and populations across multiple temporal scales. Despite the ubiquity of variation, biologists lack a quantitative synthesis of the observed ecological consequences of thermal variability across a wide range of taxa, phenotypic traits, and experimental designs. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to investigate how properties of organisms, their experienced thermal regime, and whether thermal variability is experienced in either the past (prior to an assay) or present (during the assay) affect performance, relative to the performance of organisms experiencing constant thermal environments. Our results – which draw upon 1,712 effect sizes from 75 studies – indicate that the effects of thermal variability are not unidirectional and become more negative as mean temperature and fluctuation range increase. Exposure to variation in the past decreases performance to a greater extent than variation experienced in the present and increases the costs to performance more than diminishing benefits across a broad set of empirical studies. Further, we identify life history attributes that predictably modify the ecological response to variation. Our findings demonstrate that effects of thermal variability on performance are context-dependent, yet negative outcomes may be heightened in warmer, more variable climates.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data for: Bridging the gap between microclimate and microrefugia: A bottom‐up approach reveals strong climatic and biological offsets

In the context of global warming, a clear understanding of microrefugia, microsites enabling the survival of species populations outside their main range limits, is crucial. Several studies have identified forcing factors that are thought to favor the existence of microrefugia. However, there is a lack of evidence to conclude whether, and to what extent, the climate encountered within existing microrefugia differs from the near surrounding climate. So, we adopt a "bottom-up" approach, linking marginal disconnected populations to microclimate. We used the southernmost disconnected and abyssal populations of the circumboreal herbaceous plant Oxalis acetosella in Southern France to study whether populations matching the definition of "microrefugia" occur in particularly favorable climatic conditions compared to neighboring control plots distant about 50 m to 100 m. Temperatures were recorded in putative microrefugia and in neighboring plots for approximately 2 years to quantify their thermal offsets. Vascular plant inventories were carried out to test whether plant communities also reflect microclimatic offsets. We found that current microclimatic dynamics are genuinely at stake in microrefugia. Microrefugia climates are systematically colder compared to those found within 50 m to 100 m distant. This pattern was more noticeable during the summer months. Abyssal populations showed stronger offsets compared to neighboring plots than the putative microrefugia occurring at higher altitudes. Plant communities demonstrate this strong spatial climatic variability, even at such a microscale approach, as species compositions systematically differed between the two plots, with species more adapted to colder and moister conditions in microrefugia compared to the surrounding area.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

The Role of Biological Motion in Face Perception: Social Judgements of Morphed Expressions Differ from Videos and Photographs.

This study aimed to explore the impact of realistic and artifical facial dynamism on social percpetion. We compared ratings of emotion intensity and genuineness on video recordings, dynamic morphs, and static photographs of happy, sad, fearful, and angry expressions. The experiment was created using the online behavioural experiment builder Gorilla (AnwylIrvine et al., 2020). Each participant completed 144 trials, including 48 trials for each display type (video recording, morph, static), with 12 trials for each emotion (happy, disgust, fear, sadness).

Figure 6 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 6. Aspects of colonial nesting sites (ninhais) in which Maguari Storks (Ciconia maguari) built nests in the Pampa, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. (A) a nest with two nestlings at Dilermando de Aguiar (photo by Thiago Weigert); (B) black young in nests at São Gabriel (photo by Felipe Almansa); (C) a nest with three black juveniles at Rosário do Sul (photo by Lauren Rumpel); (D) a general view, outside the breeding season, of a lake bordered by gray shrubs (yellow arrows) commonly used by Maguari Storks for nesting at Rosário do Sul (photo by Lauren Rumpel). Photographs were gathered in the WikiAves database, except for D.

Figure 3 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 3. Seasonal occurrence of records of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) involving incubation, nestlings, and black young in the Pampa biome, in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Records were obtained by citizens and gathered in the WikiAves database in June 2020. Arabic numerals after each month represent 10-days long periods – (I): days 1-10, (II): days 11-20, (III): days 21-31 of each month.

Figure 7 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 7. Geographic distribution of the Pampa biome (purple line) in the state of Grande do Sul state, with municipalities (black dots) in which records with documented evidences of breeding activities of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) were obtained by citizens in Brazil between 2007 and 2019. Records were gathered in the WikiAves database in June 2020. The blue color refers to areas of the continent reached by the water from the ocean.

Figure 2 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 2. Juveniles of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) recorded by citizens in the Pampa, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. (A) a black juvenile at Dom Pedrito (photo by Diego Oliveira); (B) a black juvenile at Dilermando de Aguiar (photo by Thiago Weigert); (C) an intermediate juvenile flying at Mostardas (photo by Clécio Gomides); (D) an intermediate juvenile at Caçapava do Sul (photo by Guilherme Durante); (E) a white juvenile flying at Júlio de Castilhos (photo by Firmino Costa); (F) a white juvenile at Rio Grande (photo by Rafael Weber). Records were gathered in the WikiAves database, except for A and B.

Figure 4 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 4. Seasonal occurrence of records of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) involving juveniles in the Pampa biome, in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Records were obtained by citizens and gathered in the WikiAves database in June 2020. Arabic numerals after each month represent 10-days long periods – (I):– days 1-10, (II): days 11-20, (III): days 21-31 of each month. Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 and Cocoi Herons Ardea cocoi Maguari Storks in Brazil. The information generated by Linnaeus, 1766 (Fig. 6). them was substantially more detailed than that provided These tall shrubs used as substratum for nests were by previous studies in the Brazilian territory (e.g., Belton, located at boundaries between grasslands and artificial 1984; Antas, 2004; Moura, 2009). The small proportion lakes (Fig. 6D; Appendix). Two species could be identified. (2.4%) of breeding records within the whole set of pho- One nest was on higher parts of a Phyllanthus sellowi- tographic records of the species indicates that gathering anus (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg., Phyllanthaceae (WA3115322). further records by citizens or scientists over large spatial Another nest was built on a Sebastiania schottiana (Müll. scales will be a hard task. Reinforcing this is the approach Arg.) Müll.Arg., Euphorbiaceae (WA1460435). Both spe- by Moura (2009) in the Pampa, that involved searches cies are known regionally as sarandis, and were estimat- for nests through a range of interviews, questionnaires, ed as 2.5 m in height. and other communication actions by contacting citizens, No nests had exposed eggs. Two nests (9%) were emp- conservationists and scientists.

Figure 5 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 5. Range of situations in which nests of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) were found occurring singly in Pampa landscapes, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. (A) a ground nest in a wet grassland at Aceguá (photo by Cláudio Alves Branco); (B) a ground nest among sparse junquinhos plants within a wet grassland patch at Dom Pedrito (photo by Diego Oliveira); (C) a ground nest within a juncal vegetation patch within a grassland at Lavras do Sul (photo by Jonas John); (D) a ground nest among dense juncal vegetation within a lake at Quaraí (Photo by Cícero Corrêa); (E) an arboreal nest built on shrubs at Dilermando de Aguiar (Photo by Thiago Weigert); (F) a ground nest destroyed by the rising of the water level at Quaraí (photo by Cícero Corrêa). Records were obtained by citizens, and gathered in the WikiAves database in June 2020.

Figure 1 in Breeding biology of the Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari (Aves, Ciconiidae) in the Pampa, and an outline in other Brazilian biomes

Figure 1. Nestlings and black young of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) recorded by citizens in the Pampa, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. (A) a nestling with black and white downy plumage at Quaraí (photo by Cícero Corrêa); (B) nestlings with black downy plumage at Dom Pedrito (photo by Diego Oliveira); (C) two black young in a nest at Cachoeira do Sul (photo by Remo Farina Junior); (D) a black young at Quaraí (photo by Cícero Corrêa). Records were gathered in the WikiAves database, except for B.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

MALDI-MS dataset for use with open-source untargeted metabolomic workflow for complex biological samples

Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool for measuring and understanding complex biological chemistries. However, employment, bioinformatics and downstream analysis of mass spectrometry (MS) data can be daunting for inexperienced users. Numerous open-source and free to-use data processing and analysis tools exist for various untargeted MS approaches, but choosing the 'correct' pipeline isn't straight-forward. This data set can be used in conjunction with a user-friendly online guide which presents a workflow for connecting these tools to process, analyse and annotate various untargeted MS datasets. The workflow is intended to guide exploratory analysis in order to inform decision-making regarding costly and time-consuming downstream targeted MS approaches. The workflow provides practical advice concerning experimental design, organisation of data and downstream analysis, and offers details on sharing and storing valuable MS data for posterity. The workflow is editable and modular, allowing flexibility for updated/ changing methodologies and increased clarity and detail as user participation becomes more common allowing contributions and improvements to the workflow via the online repository.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Island area and remoteness shape plant and soil bacterial diversity through land use and biological invasion

Biodiversity is declining dramatically due to human-driven land use change and biological invasion, but our knowledge of how such drivers influence plant and heterotroph diversity on island ecosystems remains limited. Historically island biogeography theory has focused solely on the direct effects of island size and remoteness on biodiversity, but these factors can also indirectly affect species gain and/or loss by impacting land use change and biological invasion. We built the structural equation model to explore the direct effects of island size and remoteness, and indirect effects of these factors via land use intensity and pinewood nematode invasion, on the diversity of plants and soil bacteria across 37 continental shelf islands in the largest land-bridge archipelago in eastern China. As expected we found that increasing island area directly promoted plant diversity. However, land use intensity increased with island area which also promoted plant diversity, and loss of pine forest by the pinewood nematode invasion increased with island remoteness which reduced plant diversity. Island remoteness only indirectly reduced plant diversity through increasing pine forest loss. Soil bacterial diversity was directly negatively impacted by island remoteness, and indirectly negatively impacted by island remoteness through increased soil electrical conductivity likely caused by greater salinity from sea spray. Furthermore, soil bacterial diversity was indirectly promoted by island area through increased plant diversity and decreased soil electrical conductivity, and indirectly reduced by pine forest loss through decreased plant diversity. Our findings highlight that island biogeography theory has relevance to understanding human impacts in the Anthropocene, and that there is a need to more explicitly recognize how island size and remoteness affect biodiversity not only directly, but also indirectly via their effects on human-induced drivers of biodiversity, such as land use change and biological invasion.