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12,346 results for “derivatives”
Data from: Biologically and diagenetically derived peptide modifications in Moa collagens
The modifications that occur on proteins in natural environments over time are not well studied, yet characterizing them is vital to correctly interpret sequence data recovered from fossils. The recently extinct moa (Dinornithidae) is an excellent candidate for investigating the preservation of proteins, their post-translational modifications (PTMs) and diagenetic alterations during degradation. Moa protein extracts were analysed using mass spectrometry, and peptides from collagen I, collagen II and collagen V were identified. We also identified biologically derived PTMs (i.e. methylation, di-methylation, alkylation, hydroxylation, fucosylation) on amino acids at locations consistent with extant proteins. In addition to these in vivo modifications, we detected novel modifications that are probably diagenetically derived. These include loss of hydroxylation/glutamic semialdehyde, carboxymethyllysine and peptide backbone cleavage, as well as previously noted deamidation. Moa collagen sequences and modifications provide a baseline by which to evaluate proteomic studies of other fossils, and a framework for defining the molecular relationship of moa to other closely related taxa.
Data from: Selective breeding and selection mapping using a novel wild-derived heterogeneous stock mice revealed two closely-linked loci for tameness
Tameness is a major behavioral factor for domestication, and can be divided into two potential components: motivation to approach humans (active tameness) and reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness). We identified genetic loci for active tameness through selective breeding, selection mapping, and association analysis. In previous work using laboratory and wild mouse strains, we found that laboratory strains were predominantly selected for passive tameness but not active tameness during their domestication. To identify genetic regions associated with active tameness, we applied selective breeding over 9 generations for contacting, a behavioural parameter strongly associated with active tameness. The prerequisite for successful selective breeding is high genetic variation in the target population, so we established and used a novel resource, wild-derived heterogeneous stock (WHS) mice from eight wild strains. The mice had genetic variations not present in other outbred mouse populations. Selective breeding of the WHS mice increased the contacting level through the generations. Selection mapping was applied to the selected population using a simulation based on a non-selection model and inferred haplotype data derived from single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We found a genomic signature for selection on chromosome 11 containing two closely linked loci.
Data from: Plant-derived differences in the composition of aphid honeydew and their effects on colonies of aphid-tending ants
In plant–ant–hemipteran interactions, ants visit plants to consume the honeydew produced by phloem-feeding hemipterans. If genetically based differences in plant phloem chemistry change the chemical composition of hemipteran honeydew, then the plant's genetic constitution could have indirect effects on ants via the hemipterans. If such effects change ant behavior, they could feed back to affect the plant itself. We compared the chemical composition of honeydews produced by Aphis nerii aphid clones on two milkweed congeners, Asclepias curassavica and Asclepias incarnata, and we measured the responses of experimental Linepithema humile ant colonies to these honeydews. The compositions of secondary metabolites, sugars, and amino acids differed significantly in the honeydews from the two plant species. Ant colonies feeding on honeydew derived from A. incarnata recruited in higher numbers to artificial diet, maintained higher queen and worker dry weight, and sustained marginally more workers than ants feeding on honeydew derived from A. curassavica. Ants feeding on honeydew from A. incarnata were also more exploratory in behavioral assays than ants feeding from A. curassavica. Despite performing better when feeding on the A. incarnata honeydew, ant workers marginally preferred honeydew from A. curassavica to honeydew from A. incarnata when given a choice. Our results demonstrate that plant congeners can exert strong indirect effects on ant colonies by means of plant-species-specific differences in aphid honeydew chemistry. Moreover, these effects changed ant behavior and thus could feed back to affect plant performance in the field.
Data from: Heritable variation in maternally-derived yolk androgens, thyroid hormones and immune factors
Maternal reproductive investment can critically influence offspring phenotype, and thus these maternal effects are expected to be under strong natural selection. Knowledge on the extent of heritable variation in the physiological mechanisms underlying maternal effects is however limited. In birds, resource allocation to eggs is a key mechanism for mothers to affect their offspring and different components of the egg may or may not be independently adjusted. We studied the heritability of egg components and their genetic and phenotypic covariation in great tits (Parus major), using captive-bred full siblings of wild origin. Egg mass, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) hormone concentrations showed moderate heritability, in agreement with earlier findings. Interestingly, yolk triiodothyronine hormone (T3), but not its precursor, thyroxine hormone (T4), concentration was heritable. An immune factor, albumen lysozyme, showed moderate heritability, but yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) did not. The genetic correlation estimates were moderate but statistically nonsignificant; a trend for a positive genetic correlation was found between A4 and egg mass, T and lysozyme and IgY and lysozyme, respectively. Interestingly, phenotypic correlations were found only between A4 and T, and T4 and T3, respectively. Given that these egg components are associated with fitness-related traits in the offspring (and mother), and that we show that some components are heritable, it opens the possibility that natural selection may shape the rate and direction of phenotypic change via egg composition.
Data from: Diffantom: whole-brain diffusion MRI phantoms derived from real datasets of the Human Connectome Project
Diffantom is a whole-brain diffusion MRI (dMRI) phantom publicly available through the Dryad Digital Repository (doi:10.5061/dryad.4p080). The dataset contains two single-shell dMRI images, along with the corresponding gradient information, packed following the BIDS standard (Brain Imaging Data Structure, Gorgolewski et al., 2015). The released dataset is designed for the evaluation of the impact of susceptibility distortions and benchmarking existing correction methods. In this Data Report we also release the software instruments involved in generating diffantoms, so that researchers are able to generate new phantoms derived from different subjects, and apply these data in other applications like investigating diffusion sampling schemes, the assessment of dMRI processing methods, the simulation of pathologies and imaging artifacts, etc. In summary, Diffantom is intended for unit testing of novel methods, cross-comparison of established methods, and integration testing of partial or complete processing flows to extract connectivity networks from dMRI.
Data from: Stimulation of boreal tree seedling growth by wood-derived charcoal: effects of charcoal properties, seedling species and soil fertility
1. Fire is a major disturbance in many ecosystems worldwide including the boreal forest, and significant quantities of charcoal can be input to the soil from fire. Some recent studies have provided evidence that wood-derived charcoal produced by fire can significantly stimulate plant growth. However, the mechanisms by which charcoal affects plant growth are poorly understood, and little is known about how charcoal effects on plant growth are influenced by charcoal type, soil type and plant species. 2. Seedlings from four common boreal tree species, two evergreen gymnosperms and two deciduous angiosperms, were grown in each of two soils of contrasting nutrient availability amended with charcoal with each of nine charcoal types (each produced from wood from a different plant species) in a greenhouse experiment. We also measured several functional traits for each of the charcoal types, as well as of the wood used to prepare the charcoal. 3. Charcoal addition had either positive or neutral effects on seedling growth, with great variability among charcoal types. The charcoal types that had the strongest positive effect were those that had the greatest concentrations of phosphate and total phosphorus, and in some cases were derived from woods that had the highest total phosphorus concentration. Addition of charcoal on average had a stronger positive effect on plant growth on soil with the lowest levels of phosphate and total phosphorus. 4. Generally, charcoal derived from angiosperms stimulated seedling growth more than charcoal from gymnosperms. Further, angiosperm seedlings were on average stimulated more by charcoal addition than were gymnosperm seedlings. These results indicate that charcoal produced by fire could contribute to the initial dominance of angiosperm trees in post-fire succession, and suggests a possible feedback whereby charcoal from angiosperm tree species favors growth of angiosperm seedlings. 5. This study highlights a new means by which functional trait variation among tree species could potentially exert "after-life" effects in forested ecosystems through influencing traits (and notably phosphate concentrations) of the charcoal that they produce following wildfire, with potentially important consequences for plant growth and community and ecosystem properties during post-fire succession.
Data from: Adsorption and corrosion inhibition behavior of new theophylline-triazole based derivatives for steel in acidic medium
The design and synthesis of a series of theophylline derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties is presented. The corrosion inhibition activities of these new triazole-theophylline compounds were evaluated by studying the corrosion of API 5L X52 steel in 1 M HCl media. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of the theophylline-triazole derivatives also increases the charge transference resistance (Rct) value, enhancing inhibition efficiency and decreasing the corrosion process. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under static conditions studies revealed that the best inhibition efficiencies (~90%) at 50 ppm are presented by the all- substituted compounds. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the compounds 4 and 5 analyzed exhibit physisorption-chemisorption process, with exception of the hydrogen 3, bromo 6 and iodo 7 substituted compound, which exhibit chemisorption process. The corrosion when submerging a steel bar in 1 M HCl was studied using SEM-EDS. This experiment showed that the corrosion process decreases considerably in the presence of 50 ppm of the organic inhibitors. Finally, theoretical study showed a correlation between EHOMO, hardness (η), electrophilicity (W), atomic charge and the inhibition efficiency in which the iodo 7 substituted compound presents the best inhibitor behavior.
Data from: Facile synthesis of porous Mo2C/C composites by using luffa sponge-derived carbon template in molten salt media
Herein, we report the synthesis of a new type of porous Mo2C/C composite by using luffa sponge-derived carbon template, and ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24•4H2O) in the molten NaCl-KCl salts media. The product exhibits a higher specific surface area and three-dimensional porous structure, including macrochannels, micropores, and mesopores. The desirable porous structure is resulted from the carbon template structure and formed Mo2C coating.
Data from: Harvest distribution and derivation of Atlantic Flyway Canada geese
Harvest management of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) is complicated by the fact that subarctic and temperate-breeding geese occur in many of the same areas during fall and winter hunting seasons. These populations cannot readily be distinguished, which complicates efforts to estimate population-specific harvest and evaluate harvest strategies. In the Atlantic Flyway, annual banding and population monitoring programs are in place for subarctic-breeding [North Atlantic Population, Southern James Bay Population, and Atlantic Population] and temperate-breeding (Atlantic Flyway Resident Population, AFRP) Canada geese. We used a combination of direct band recoveries and estimated population sizes to determine the distribution and derivation of the harvest of those four populations during the 2004-05-2008-09 hunting seasons. Both North Atlantic Population and Atlantic Population geese were harvested almost exclusively in Atlantic Flyway states and provinces and during regular hunting seasons, whereas most Southern James Bay Population geese were taken in the Mississippi Flyway, with about 12% of that population's harvest occurring during special September seasons in the U.S. Atlantic Flyway Resident Population geese were mainly taken in the state or province in which they were banded, and most of the harvest occurred during special September seasons (42%) and regular seasons (54%). Nearly all of the special season harvest was AFRP birds 98% during September seasons and 89% during late seasons. The regular season harvest in Atlantic Flyway states was also primarily AFRP geese (62%), followed in importance by the Atlantic Population (33%). In contrast, harvest in eastern Canada consisted mainly of subarctic geese (42% Atlantic Population, 17% North Atlantic Population, and 6% Southern James Bay Population), with temperate-breeding geese making up the rest. Spring and summer harvest was difficult to characterize because band reporting rates for subsistence hunters are poorly understood; consequently, we were unable to determine the magnitude of subsistence harvest definitively. A better understanding of subsistence hunting is needed because this activity may account for a substantial proportion of the total harvest of subarctic populations. Our results indicate that special September and late seasons in the U.S. were highly effective in targeting AFRP geese without significantly increasing harvest of subarctic populations. However, it is evident that AFRP geese still are not being harvested at levels high enough to reduce their numbers to the breeding population goal of 700,000.
Specific induction of TSLP by the viral RNA analogue poly(I:C) in primary epithelial cells derived from nasal polyps
<p>Database with files used for generating the result in this manuscript.</p>
FIGURE 29 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 29. Nanotanaupodus andrei sp. n. (deutonymph). A, leg I; B, leg II; C, leg III; D, leg IV.
FIGURE 16 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 16. Allotanaupodus winksi sp. n. (deutonymph). Dorsal view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 12 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 12. Allotanaupodus orete sp. n. (adult male). Ventral view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 11 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 11. Allotanaupodus orete sp. n. (adult male). Dorsal view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 6 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 6. Allotanaupodus williamsi sp. n. (adult male). Dorsal view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 17 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 17. Allotanaupodus winksi sp. n. (deutonymph). Ventral view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 2 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 2. Allotanaupodus williamsi sp. n. (adult female). Ventral view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 27 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 27. Nanotanaupodus andrei sp. n. (deutonymph). Ventral view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 1 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 1. Allotanaupodus williamsi sp. n. (adult female). Dorsal view of idiosoma.
FIGURE 31 in Allotanaupodidae, a new family of early derivative Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata)
FIGURE 31. Nanotanaupodus gracehallae sp. n. (adult male). Ventral view of idiosoma.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.