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Losing Ground 6, Annual Land Cover Products for Massachusetts.
<p>This dataset consists of a set of annual land cover products for 1985-2017 produced using the CCDC algorithm as part of Mass Audubon's Losing Ground 6 analysis. </p> <p>The <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/content/download/41477/1007612/file/Losing-Ground-VI_2020_final.pdf">sixth edition of Mass Audubon’s Losing Ground series of reports</a> builds on the methods first employed in <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/content/download/12561/197565/file/MassAudubon_LosingGround5_FINAL_lores.pdf">Losing Ground 5</a>. Following <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/content/download/13242/207580/file/Mass%20Audubon-Losing%20Ground%205-Technical%20Document.pdf">LG5 analysis</a>, the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm, a harmonic modeling approach, was used to identify land cover changes and characterizes the spectral-temporal properties of stable land cover “segments” based on dense time series of all high-quality Landsat observations (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425712000387">Zhu et al. 2012</a>; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425714000248">Zhu and Woodcock 2014</a>). However, the LG6 analysis improves on the training data and land cover labeling system used in LG5. For LG6, we developed a modified version of the MassGIS 2005 Land Use/Land Cover polygons and legend in an effort to provide greater thematic detail as well as increase the ecological relevancy of the mapped results. Integrating the CCDC approach and our detailed land cover training dataset, we produced a 30-year time series of land cover maps for the Massachusetts Mainland and Islands as well as offshore waters. The original maps generated by the CCDC algorithms were then manually post-processed to improve spatial accuracy of change detection results, and final results including post-processing steps are available here.</p> <p>The Losing Ground 6 Classification includes the following land cover classes adapted from the <a href="https://docs.digital.mass.gov/dataset/massgis-data-land-use-2005">2005 MassGIS Land Use</a> and <a href="https://docs.digital.mass.gov/dataset/massgis-data-impervious-surface-2005">1m Impervious surface</a> datasets:</p> <p>> Man-made Built -- Greater than 25% constructed surfaces such as buildings, roads, parking lots, brick, asphalt, concrete </p> <p>> Man-made Bare -- Areas of man-made compacted soil or material such as mining or unpaved parking lots</p> <p>> Natural Barren -- Natural occurring barren areas (i.e. rocky shores, sand, bare soil)</p> <p>> Forest -- Pixels dominated by closed-canopy forest in leaf-on imagery, as well as mixed-cover pixels spanning forest edges that do not meet criteria for Built. </p> <p>> Forested Wetland -- Persistently vegetated wetlands dominated by tree cover; often found adjacent to rivers and in low-lying areas; Reference MassDEP Wetlands </p> <p>> Plantation -- Planted tree crops, includes orchards and tree farms</p> <p>> Cultural grassland -- Dominated by herbaceous cover, includes pastures, fields, and row crops</p> <p>> Irrigated herbaceous -- Heavily managed grass cover, includes golf courses and (non-synthetic) athletic fields</p> <p>> Successional/transitional forest -- Forest recovering after stand-replacing disturbance; Predominantly (> 25%) shrub cover, and some immature trees not large or dense enough to be classified as forest. It also includes areas that are more permanently shrubby, such as heath areas, wild blueberries or mountain laurel.</p> <p>> Managed shrubland -- Woody vegetation maintained in a mid-successional state, e.g. powerline corridors; includes "self-managed" stable shrublands, e.g. coastal shrub/heathland (e.g. scrub oak)</p> <p>> Open water -- Dominated by open-water conditions, little to no seasonal vegetation cover</p> <p>> Non-forested wetland -- Persistently or seasonally vegetated wetlands with little to no tree cover; Includes freshwater emergent and shrub swamp wetland types; Reference MassDEP Wetlands</p> <p>> Saltwater wetland -- Coastal wetlands, often herbaceous-dominated marsh and may show signs of ditching; Reference MassDEP Wetlands</p> <p>> Active cranberry bog -- active and recently active cranberry bogs; notable red color and geometric patch shapes</p> <p> </p> <p>A more complete description of training sources, class labels and codes, and definitions is available <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Ld9VO9TlEFC5M5XEXsYEj6G-3JA0iC7a_ntT3ghCXhY/edit?usp=sharing">here</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please contact Dr. Valerie Pasquarella (valpasq@bu.edu) with any questions regarding these data and potential use cases.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
PLATE 16. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 16. Charopidae. A, Helix nematophora Reeve, 1854, 'Solomons Islands', syntype [= Helix nematophora Pfeiffer, 1855, syntype], NHMUK 1962713; B, Helix phlogophora Pfeiffer, 1850, 'N. Seland', syntype, ZMZ 501231; C, Helix varicosa Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.22.124–125. Euconulidae. D, Helix kermadeci Pfeiffer, 1857, Sunday Island, syntype, NHMUK 20190581. Helicarionidae. E, Vitrina kermadecensis Smith, 1873, Sunday Island, syntype, NHMUK 1873.3.20.1. Punctidae. F, Nanina erigone Gray, 1850, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.46–48 & 1850.12.28.520– 522.
PLATE 9. Rhytididae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 9. Rhytididae. A, Helix busbyii Gray, 1840, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.1; B, Zonites? coresia Gray, 1850, Auckland, lectotype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.73; C, Helix jeffreysiana Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix jeffreysiana Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1978111; D, Helix dunniae Gray, 1840, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.3; E, Helix greenwoodii Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.38–40; F, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi E.A. Smith, 1880, Wakamarama Range, lectotype, NHMUK 1880.7.2.3; G, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi E.A. Smith, 1880, Wakamarama Range, paralectotype, NHMUK 1876.3.6.19; H, Helix urnula Reeve, 1854 syntype [= Helix urnula Pfeiffer, 1855 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1966136.
PLATE 8. Punctidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 8. Punctidae. A, Helix caputspinulae Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix epsilon Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962724; B, Helix conella Pfeiffer, 1861, Kakepuku, neotype, NMNZ M.321351; C, Bulimus? (Laoma) leimonias Gray, 1850, Auckland, holotype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.79; D, Nanina mariae Gray, 1843, New Zealand, holotype, NHMUK 1842.11.4.51; E, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix glabriuscula Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20141113/1; F, Helix poecilosticta Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix poecilosticta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20150114; G, Helix sciadium Pfeiffer, 1857, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20150017.
PLATE 1. Pupinidae and Achatinellidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 1. Pupinidae and Achatinellidae. A, Cyclophorus cytora Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.43; B, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus?) lignarium Pfeiffer, 1857, New Zealand, lectotype, NHMUK 1968851/1; C, Realia egea Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.131–132 & 1850.12.28.492–495; D, Realia turriculata Pfeiffer, 1855, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1954.4.13.1.2–3; E, Tornatellides subperforatus kermadecensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Raoul Island, holotype, ANSP 8315; F, Tornatellina kermadecensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Sunday [Raoul] Island, paratype, ANSP 8316; G, Tornatellina (Tornatellinops) iredalei Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Sunday [Raoul] Island, paratype, ANSP 8312; H, Tornatellina (Tornatellinops) raoulensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Raoul Island, paratype, ANSP 8313.
PLATE 14 in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 14. Reproductions of previous illustrations. Charopidae, Punctidae and Zonitidae. A, Vitrina dimidiata Pfeiffer, 1853, Reeve (1862: pl. 10, fig. 72), New Zealand, possible syntype, dimensions not stated; B, Nanina? kivi Gray, 1843: 262, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 1), New Zealand, holotype (10.6 x 8.5 mm); C, Helix phlogophora Pfeiffer, 1850, Pfeiffer (1853 [in 1852– 1860]: pl. 155, fig. 4), New Zealand, syntype (Höhe 1 ¾''', Durchmesser 3 ½'''; 6.5 x 3.0 mm, according to Pfeiffer, 1850: 127); D, Helix multilimbata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1847: pl. 6, figs. 5–7, New Zealand, syntype (8.0 mm x 5.0 mm); E, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852: pl. 132, fig. 809, New Zealand, syntype, dimensions not stated [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype]; F, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852, Suter (1897c: 284, text fig.), New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20140673 (3.5 x 2.5 mm) [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype]; G, Nanina tullia Gray, 1850, Reeve (1854: pl. 207: fig. 1460), Auckland, syntype?, dimensions not stated; H, Helix varicosa Pfeiffer, 1853, Climo (1969b: text figs. 16 A–C), New Zealand, lectotype, dimensions not stated [= Helix varicosa Reeve, 1852 syntype]; I, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852: pl. 133, fig. 822, New Zealand, syntype, dimensions not stated; J, Helix corneafulva Pfeiffer, 1861, Pfeiffer (1867 [in 1867–1869]: 325, pl. 78, figs. 11–13), Bay of Islands, syntype (9.5 x 4.3 mm); K, Helix (Theba) ziczac Gould, 1846: 166, Gould (1856: pl. 3, fig. 44, a–c), New Zealand, syntype (7.6 x 4.2 mm).
PLATE 15 in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 15. Reproductions of previous illustrations. Bothriembryontidae, Rhytididae, and taxa not from New Zealand or of uncertain provenance. A, Bulimus shongii Lesson, 1830: Mollusques, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5, Kerikeri, syntype ('3 pouces de hauteur', = c. 81 mm); B, Helix busbyii Gray, 1840, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 4), New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.2 (65.0 x 32.1 mm); C, Helix hochstetteri Pfeiffer, 1861, Hochstetter (1867: 169, text fig.), Pikikiruna Range, holotype?, shell dimensions not stated; D, Helix taranaki Pfeiffer, 1846, Pfeiffer (1849 [in 1849–1853]: pl. 75, figs. 4, 5), syntype (Höhe 4'", Durchmesser 8 1/2'"; 17.0 x 8.0 mm, according to Pfeiffer 1846: 79); E, Helix ophelia Reeve, 1854: pl. 191, fig. 1345, syntype, dimensions not stated [= Helix ophelia Pfeiffer, 1855 syntype]; F, Balea peregrina Gould, 1847: 198, Gould (1856: pl. 7, fig. 105), syntype, USNM 5507 (9.5 x 2.5 mm); G, Bulimus antipodarum Gray, 1843: 247, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 5—as Bulimus antipodum), holotype (25.4 x 25.4 mm).
PLATE 6. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 6. Charopidae. A, Ptychodon magdalenae Ancey, 1891, New Zealand, syntype, NMW.1955.158.24208; B, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20140673; C, Pupa novoseelandica Küster, 1852 syntype [= Pupa novoseelandica Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1974046–47; D, Helix portia Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.59–62 & 1850.12.28.454–458; E, Endodonta (Charopa) prestoni Sykes, 1895, Otaki Gorge, syntype, NHMUK 20150022; F, Endodonta (Charopa) prestoni Sykes, 1895, Otaki Gorge, syntype, NMNZ M.22441; G, Allodiscus stewartensis David, 1934, Stewart Island, holotype, SMF Typus Nr. 6726; H, Helix stipulata Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix alpha Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1985026.
PLATE 5. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 5. Charopidae. A, Helix eta Pfeiffer, 1853 lectotype [= Helix corniculum Reeve, 1852 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962725; B, Helix hypopolea Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix hypopolia Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 10140868; C, Helix igniflua Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix lambda Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1996112; D, Helix obnubila Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20041001; E, Helix infecta Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix zeta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962726/1; F, Helix irradiata Gould, 1846, Bay of Islands, holotype, USNM 5467; G, Helix radiaria Pfeiffer, 1855, 'Salomon's Islands', syntype, NHMUK 20140672.
PLATE 2. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 2. Charopidae. A, Helix anguiculus Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, lectotype, NHMUK 1971049; B, Helix antipoda Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841, Auckland Islands, syntype, MNHN-IM-2000-27777; C, Helix barbatula Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix beta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962723; D, Helix biconcava Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix biconcava Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20040907; E, Flammulina (Allodiscus) chion Sykes, 1896, Inglewood, syntype, NHMUK 1915.1.4.129.
Fig. 4 Choeradoplana iheringi Graff 1899. a in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 4 Choeradoplana iheringi Graff 1899. a Diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus of specimen MZUSP PL 651 from sagittal sections. b Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen MZUSP PL 512. c Photomicrograph
Fig. 6 in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 6 Choeradoplana pucupucu sp. n. holotype. a Diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. b Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus. c Photomicrograph of a
Fig. 3 Choeradoplana iheringi Graff 1899. a in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 3 Choeradoplana iheringi Graff 1899. a Specimen MZUSP PL 651 creeping in dorsal view, about 45 mm in length. b Specimen MZUSP PL 519 in dorsal view. about 40 mm in length. c Diagrammatic representation of the pharynx of specimen MZUSP PL 651 in lateral
Fig. 5 in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 5 Choeradoplana pucupucu sp. n. holotype. a Creeping, in dorsal view, about 45 mm in length. b Creeping, in lateral view. c Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx. (The high version of this figure can be found in the Electronic Supplementary Material)
Fig. 10 in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 10 Phylogenetic tree of Choeradoplana projected on the map (adapted from Fig. 2). Dashed lines indicate the lineages incongruent with vicariance hypothesis. (The high version of this figure can be found in the Electronic Supplementary Material)
Fig. 9 in Rolling into the deep of the land planarian genus Choeradoplana (Tricladida, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) taxonomy
Fig. 9 Choeradoplana agua sp. n. holotype. a Diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. b Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus. c Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the intrabulbar portion of prostatic vesicle.
Figs. 28–33 in Focus on the details: morphological evidence supports new cryptic land flatworm (Platyhelminthes) species revealed with molecules
Figs. 28–33 Obama decidualis Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, sp. nov., holotype: (28) anterior region of the body in transverse section; (29) detail of the anterior region of the body in transverse section; (30) pre-
Fig. 15 in Focus on the details: morphological evidence supports new cryptic land flatworm (Platyhelminthes) species revealed with molecules
Fig. 15 Obama anthropophila Amaral, Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, sp. nov., holotype. Detail of eye pattern in dorsal view
Fig. 6 Obama ladislavii, specimen ZMH V5270-A in Focus on the details: morphological evidence supports new cryptic land flatworm (Platyhelminthes) species revealed with molecules
Fig. 6 Obama ladislavii, specimen ZMH V5270-A. Consecutive microphotographs of a trilobed eye from horizontal sections; the upper side of the eye is represented in the leftmost picture
Figs. 4–5 in Focus on the details: morphological evidence supports new cryptic land flatworm (Platyhelminthes) species revealed with molecules
Figs. 4–5 Obama ladislavii. (4) Specimen ZMH V5270-A. Fixed specimen in dorsal view on a graph paper. Anterior end to the right. (5) Specimen F1418. Dorsal view of the creeping specimen, approximately 38 mm in length. Anterior end to the left
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