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Fig. 8 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 8. Cross-plot of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A) and canonical variation plot (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (B) for Idiognathodus luganicus. Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 10 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 10. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus simulator (A, C) and Idiognathodus auritus (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 6 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 6. Canonical variation plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens, using chirality membership as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframe, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit, and blue/ red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red dextral.

Fig. 7 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 7. Canonical variation (CV) cross-plots and wireframes for all grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) elements, using lobe membership (red, 0 lobes; blue, 1 lobe; green, 2 lobes; purple, dicconnected ridge) as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; black wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate.

Fig. 9 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 9. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus lateralis (A, C) and Idiognathodus praenuntius (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 2. A in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 2. A. Composite stratigraphic section of the lithologic members of the Oread Megacylothem and relative sea level curve; modified from Heckel 1999, 2013). B. Detailed measured stratigraphic sections of the Heebner Shale at each locality. Darkness of the shale intervals corresponds to the darkness of the shale in hand sample. See SOM 1 for exact locations.

Fig. 5 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 5. Greatest length vs. width for the lower (A, N = 74) and upper (B, N = 105) cave bear canines from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP).

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 6 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 6. Percentage of juveniles vs. females (A) and old individuals vs. males (B) of cave bears from Urşilor, (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). Data derived from SOM: tables 3 and 4.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 3. Tripolar graphs showing the distribution of the teeth and mandibles (A) of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP) in the three main age categories (according to Stiner 1994); and distribution of age classes (B) from different cave bear sites in the three main age categories, as proposed by Stiner (1994): NNVA (Normal Non-Violent Assemblage), grey dashed polygon; LS (Living age Structure), black dashed polygon.

Fig. 2 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 2. Mortality profile of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). A. Right M1 (N = 44). B. Right M2 (N = 36). C. Left mandible (N = 82).

Fig. 1 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 1. Geographic localization (A) and plan (C) of Urşilor Cave of Chişcău. B. Long profile (section) of the Excavation Chamber from the Scientific Reserve. D. Plan of the lower level of the cave (= Scientific Reserve).

Fig. 4 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 4.Transverse diameters of all of the adult lower (A, N = 74) and upper (B, N = 105) cave bear canines from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

Fig. 10 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 10. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos sp. from Upper Maastrichtian Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada. A. RSM P2600.1, distal portion of left tibia and astragalocalcaneum in posterior (A1), lateral (A2), and medial (A3) views; distal portion of right second metatarsal in anterior (A4) and posterior (A5) views; distal portion of third metatarsal in anterior (A6), posterior (A7), and distal (A8) views. B. RSM P2161.1, left second metatarsal in anterior (B1), medial (B2), posterior (B3), lateral (B4), distal (B5), and proximal (B6) views.

Fig. 9 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 9. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (UALVP 55585) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Metatarsal III in anterior (A), posterior (B), and cross-sectional (C) views. D. Full petrographic thin section in proximal cross-sectional view (anterior is up). E–G. Details of D. E. Thin anterior cortex showing development of the inner circumferential layer. F. Posterior cortex showing extent of secondary bone relative to primary bone. G. Anteromedial corner showing localized development of highly vascularized periosteal bone. Images in plane-polarized light (D, E, G) and 90° cross-polarized light (F).

Fig. 7 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 7. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 2000.012.0008) from Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Partial foot, articulated metatarsals II and III in anterior (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and lateral (D) views. Pedal phalanges of digits II (E), III (F), and IV (G) in dorsal (E1–G1), lateral (E2–G2), and ventral (E3–G3) views. Reconstruction of foot in anterior view (H).

Fig. 6 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 6. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 1993.036.0181) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Right tarsometatarsus in proximal (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), and distal (D) views.