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4,230 results for “Energie”
Figure 7. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 7. Paphies elongata. A transverse section through the right ventral mantle margin of the pedal gape. IMF(1), inner mantle fold (inner component); IMF(2), inner mantle fold (outer component); MMF, middle mantle fold; OMF, outer mantle fold; P, periostracum; PN, pallial nerve; PRM, pallial retractor muscle; RT, rejectory tract.
Figure 17 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 17. Paphies elongata. The organs of the pericardium as seen from the right side. AN, anus; AU, auricle; CA, ctenidial axis; DD, digestive diverticulae; G, gonad; GA, gonadial aperture; K, kidney; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PALID, point of attachment of the ascending lamella of the inner demibranch to the visceral mass; PALOD, point of attachment of the ascending lamella of the outer demibranch to the mantle; PG, pericardial gland; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; R, rectum; RA, renal aperture; R-PA, reno-pericardial aperture; V, ventricle; VM, visceral mass.
Figure 10. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 10. Paphies elongata. A more detailed view of the ciliary currents of the ctenidium and the ctenidial-labial palp junction, as seen from the right side. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; ID, inner demibranch; ILP, inner labial palp; M, mouth; OD, outer demibranch; OLP, outer labial palp; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PALOD, point of attachment of the ascending lamella of the outer demibranch to the mantle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; SAE, supra-axial extension of the outer demibranch; VM, visceral mass; VMFG, ventral margin food groove of the inner demibranch.
Figure 6 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 6. Paphies elongata. (a) The siphons as seen from the posterior aspect. More detailed views from the lateral aspect of (b), the inhalant and (c) the exhalant siphons. (d) One of the eight largest inhalant siphonal tentacles shown in greater detail. ES, exhalant siphon; MMF, middle mantle fold; IS, inhalant siphon.
Figure 2 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 2. Paphies elongata. (a) Lateral and (b) posterior views of the left shell valve. Also illustrated in (c) and (d) are the same views of Donax columbella drawn to approximately the same scale. a–b, the dorsoventral axis of the shell; x–y, the greatest shell width; small arrow indicates the position of the umbones; the angles suggest that the posterior face of the shell of P. elongata is slightly more elongate than in D. columbella. L, ligament of D. columbella.
Figure 16 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 16. Paphies elongata. (a) A transverse section through the pedal ganglia showing the position of two putative statocysts. (b) A single putative statocyst illustrated in greater detail. C-P-CONN, cerebro-pleural-visceral ganglia-connective; PEG, pedal ganglia; PEN, pedal nerve; STA, statolith; STC, statocyst.
Figure 12 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 12. Paphies elongata. The ciliary currents of the visceral mass as seen from the left side. AA (1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle(2); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; F, foot; HF, heel of the foot; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus; VM, visceral mass.
Figure 8. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 8. Paphies elongata. A transverse section through the fused ventral mantle margin posterior to the pedal gape. FIMF(2), fused inner mantle folds (outer component); FRT, fused rejectory tracts; IMF(1), inner mantle fold (inner component); MMF, middle mantle fold; OMF, outer mantle fold; P, periostracum; PRM, pallial retractor muscle; SC, secretory cells; TC, transverse connective.
Figure 4. Energy-dispersive X in Ephippia of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Oligocene Tremembé palaeolake, Brazil
Figure 4. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis carried out in three regions of the ephippium ULVG 11533.
Energy Balance and Time Dependence of a Magnetotail Electron Diffusion Region
<p>The data sets and python notebook included are for a submitted manuscript to the Journal of Geophysical Review: Space Physics.</p> <p>An IDL save file has also been included which contains variables from a reconstruction of the event in the manuscript. The time variable in tt2000. Other variables are in units of nW/m^3 by default. <br> <br> The purpose of the work is to determine how electromagnetic energy is converted into plasma energy in the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. Using both spacecraft data and simulations, we investigate how the terms in Poynting's theorem change as reconnection begins and evolves in time. </p>
Supporting model data for paper: Measuring the impact of a new snow model using surface energy budget process relationships
<p>Supporting model data for paper: Measuring the impact of a new snow model using surface energy budget process relationships which has been submitted to the Journal of Advances in Modelling Earth Systems: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020MS002144</p> <p>The experiment id h3hh corresponds to simulations with the ECMWF IFS with a single layer snow model. h3eg corresponds to the experimental 5-layer snow model.</p> <p>The timeseries are made by concatenating hourly data from day2 of forecasts initialised at 00UTC each day between Dec 1st 2013 and 1 June 2014.</p>
Data for Assessing the renewable energy policy paradox: a scenario analysis for the Italian electricity market
<p>This page contains the datasets and codes used to generate the figures for the article Assessing the renewable energy policy paradox: a scenario analysis for the Italian electricity market.</p> <p>Below you will find two datasets (.dta) and four codes (.do) files. Please note that the .do files contain the original paths to where the datasets were saved, you should change them to where they are saved in your computer. </p> <ol> <li>The file <em>clustering_prer_ok.do</em> uses dataset <em>yearlyvars_raw.dta</em> to generate three additional datasets <em>clusters.dta</em>, <em>yearly_scenarios.dta</em> and <em>xwalk.dta</em> <ul> <li><em>clusters.dta</em> is used in <em>Figs_2-5-6_ok.do</em></li> <li><em>yearly_scenarios.dta</em> is used in <em>Figs_3_ok.do</em></li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset <em>hprice_raw.dta</em> is used together with the generated <em>xwalk.dta</em> in <em>Fig_4_ok.do</em>.</li> </ol>
Spatially anonymized data from: Novel step selection analyses on energy landscapes reveal how linear features alter migrations of soaring birds
<p>This dataset consists of spatially anonymized movement data as well as environmental covariate data to estimate energy landscape step selection selections for migratory golden eagles that summer in Alaska.</p> <ol> <li>Human modification of landscapes includes extensive addition of linear features, such as roads and transmission lines. These can alter animal movement and space use and affect the intensity of interactions among species, including predation and competition. Effects of linear features on animal movement have seen relatively little research in avian systems, despite ample evidence of their effects in mammalian systems and that some types of linear features, including both roads and transmission lines, are substantial sources of mortality.</li> <li>Here, we used satellite telemetry combined with step selection functions designed to explicitly incorporate the energy landscape (el‐SSFs) to investigate the effects of linear features and habitat on movements and space use of a large soaring bird, the golden eagle <em>Aquila chrysaetos</em>, during migration. Our sample consisted of 32 adult eagles tracked for 45 spring and 39 fall migrations from 2014 to 2017.</li> <li>Fitted el‐SSFs indicated eagles had a strong general preference for south‐facing slopes, where thermal uplift develops predictably, and that these areas are likely important aspects of migratory pathways. el‐SSFs also provided evidence that roads and railroads affected movement during both spring and fall migrations, but eagles selected areas near roads to a greater degree in spring compared to fall and at higher latitudes compared to lower latitudes. During spring, time spent near linear features often occurred during slower‐paced or stopover movements, perhaps in part to access carrion produced by vehicle collisions.</li> <li>Regardless of the behavioural mechanism of selection, use of these features could expose eagles and other soaring species to elevated risk via collision with vehicles and/or transmission lines. Linear features have previously been documented to affect the ecology of terrestrial species (e.g. large mammals) by modifying individuals' movement patterns; our work shows that these effects on movement extend to avian taxa.</li> </ol>
Unstructured global to coastal wave modeling for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model - 1/2 degree WaveWatchIII configuration files
<p>This dataset contains the mesh and model configuration information for a WaveWatchIII run using a 1/2 degree structured grid.</p> <ul> <li>glo_30m.bot <ul> <li>Bottom depth file for a 1/2 degree structured grid</li> </ul> </li> <li>glo_30m.mask <ul> <li>Mask file for a 1/2 degree structured grid</li> </ul> </li> <li>obstructions_local.glo_30m.in <ul> <li>local obstructions file for use with UOST source term switch</li> </ul> </li> <li>obstructions_shadow.glo_30m.in <ul> <li>shadow obstructions file for use with UOST source term switch</li> </ul> </li> <li>ww3_grid.inp <ul> <li>Input file for the ww3_grid pre-processing program. This file specifies many of the model configuration settings.</li> </ul> </li> <li>ww3_shel.inp <ul> <li>Input file for the ww3_shel program.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Metabolic rates and growth data for: Do small precocial birds enter torpor to conserve energy during development?
<p>Precocial birds hatch feathered and mobile, but when they become fully endothermic soon after hatching, their heat loss is high and they may become energy-depleted. These chicks could benefit from using energy-conserving torpor, which is characterised by controlled reductions of metabolism and body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>). We investigated at what age the precocial king quail <i>Cortunix chinensis</i> can defend a high T<sub>b</sub> under a mild thermal challenge and whether they can express torpor soon after achieving endothermy to overcome energetic and thermal challenges. Measurements of surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>) using an infrared thermometer showed that king quail chicks are partially endothermic at 2-10 days, but can defend high T<sub>b</sub> at a body mass of ~13 g. Two chicks expressed shallow nocturnal torpor at 14 and 17 days for 4 to 5 hours with a reduction of metabolism by > 40% and another approached torpor threshold. Although chicks were able to rewarm endogenously from the first torpor bout, metabolism and T<sub>s</sub> decreased again by the end of the night, but they rewarmed passively when removed from the chamber. The total metabolic rate increased with body mass. All chicks measured showed a greater reduction of nocturnal metabolism than previously reported in quails. Our data show that shallow torpor can be expressed during the early postnatal phase of quails, when thermoregulatory efficiency is still developing, but heat loss is high. We suggest that torpor may be a common strategy for overcoming challenging conditions during the development in small precocial and not only altricial birds.</p>
14-bus test system for peer-to-peer energy and reserve markets
<p>With the development of distributed energy resources the way to produce and consume electricity has changed dramatically over the past few years. To cope with these changes there is a need for a new paradigm in electricity markets, namely a consumer-centric market framework. Within this framework, peer-to-peer markets have gained substantial interest due to their decentralized nature and their structural flexibility. Usually solely applied on energy, these peer-to-peer energy markets are yet likely to involve agents with stochastic behaviors such as renewable generators. This test case proposes a modified version of the IEEE 14-bus test system which will allow to test these novel approaches peer-to-peer markets accounting both for energy and reserves. The data set is given in the form of a MATLAB .mat file following the Matpower file format.</p>
Thermal constraints on energy balance, behavior, and spatial distribution of grizzly bears
<p>1. Heat dissipation limit theory posits that energy available for growth and reproduction in endotherms is limited by their ability to dissipate heat. In mammals, endogenous heat production increases markedly during gestation and lactation, and thus female mammals may be subject to greater thermal constraints on energy expenditure than males. Such constraints likely have important implications for behavior and population performance in a warming climate.</p> <p>2. We used a mechanistic simulation model based on first principles of heat and mass transfer to study thermal constraints on activity (both timing and intensity) of captive female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in current and future climate scenarios. We then quantified the relative importance of regulatory behaviors for maintaining heat balance using GPS telemetry locations of lactating versus non-lactating female bears from Yellowstone National Park, and assessed the degree to which costs of thermoregulation constrained the distribution of sampled bears in space and time.</p> <p>3. Lactating female bears benefitted considerably more from behavioral cooling mechanisms (e.g., partial submersion in cool water or bedding on cool substrate) than non-lactating females in our simulations; the availability of water for thermoregulation increased the number of hours during which lactating females could be active by up to 60% under current climatic conditions and by up to 43% in the future climate scenario. Moreover, even in the future climate scenario lactating bears were able to achieve heat balance 24 hrs/day by thermoregulating behaviorally when water was available to facilitate cooling.</p> <p>4. The most important predictor of female grizzly bear distribution in Yellowstone, regardless of reproductive status, was elevation. However, variables associated with the thermal environment occurred with greater frequency in rules for predicting the distribution of lactating than non-lactating female bears. </p> <p>5. Our results suggest that the costs of heat dissipation, which are modulated by climate, may impose constraints on the behavior and energetics of large endotherms like grizzly bears, and that access to water for cooling will likely be an increasingly important driver of grizzly bear distribution in Yellowstone as the climate continues to warm.</p>
Figure 5 from: Okechukwu P, Sharma M, Tan WH, Chan HK, Chirara K, Gaurav A, Al-Nema M (2020) In-vitro antidiabetic activity and in-silico studies of the binding energies of palmatine and the standard compounds with the three receptors of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, and DPP-IV enzyme. Pharmacia 67(4): 363-371. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e58392
Figure 5 Docking interaction and binding mode of palmatine and alpha-amylase enzyme. The π-π staked interactions are presented in magenta dotted lines.
Figure 8 from: Okechukwu P, Sharma M, Tan WH, Chan HK, Chirara K, Gaurav A, Al-Nema M (2020) In-vitro antidiabetic activity and in-silico studies of the binding energies of palmatine and the standard compounds with the three receptors of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, and DPP-IV enzyme. Pharmacia 67(4): 363-371. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e58392
Figure 8 Docking interaction and binding mode of sitagliptin and DPP-IV enzyme. The hydrogen bonds are presented in green dotted lines, the π-π staked interactions are presented in magenta dotted lines and the π-alkyl interactions are presented in pink dotted lines.
Figure 4 from: Okechukwu P, Sharma M, Tan WH, Chan HK, Chirara K, Gaurav A, Al-Nema M (2020) In-vitro antidiabetic activity and in-silico studies of the binding energies of palmatine and the standard compounds with the three receptors of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, and DPP-IV enzyme. Pharmacia 67(4): 363-371. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e58392
Figure 4 Docking interaction and binding mode of acarbose and alpha-amylase enzyme. The hydrogen bonds are presented in green dotted lines.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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