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9,097 results for “wild”
Variations in immune parameters with age in a wild rodent population and links with survival
<p>Recent findings suggest that immune functions do not unidirectionally deteriorate with age but that a potentially adaptive remodelling, where functions of the immune system get down regulated while others get upregulated with age could also occur. Scarce in wild populations, longitudinal studies are yet necessary to properly understand the patterns and consequences of age variations of the immune system in the wild. Meanwhile, it is challenging to understand if the observed variations in immune parameters with age are due to changes at the within-individual level or to selective (dis)appearance of individuals with peculiar immune phenotypes. Thanks to a long-term and longitudinal monitoring of a wild Alpine marmot population, we aimed to understand within- and between-individual variation in the immune phenotype with age, in order to improve our knowledge about the occurrence and the evolutionary consequences of such age-variations in the wild. To do so, we recorded the age-specific leukocyte concentration and leukocyte profile in repeatedly sampled dominant individuals. We then tested whether the potential changes with age were attributable to within-individual variations and/or selective (dis)appearance. Finally, we investigated if the leukocyte concentration and profiles were correlated to the probability of death at a given age. The leukocyte concentration was stable with age, but the relative number of lymphocytes decreased, while the relative number of neutrophils increased, over the course of an individual's life. Moreover, between individuals of the same age, individuals with fewer lymphocytes but more neutrophils were more likely to die. Therefore, selective disappearance seems to play a role in the age variations of the immune parameters in this population. Further investigations linking age variations in immune phenotype to individual fitness are needed to understand whether remodelling of the immune system with age could or could not be adaptive.</p>
The OpenFeeder: a flexible automated RFID feeder to measure inter and intraspecies differences in cognitive and behavioral performance in wild birds
<p>Understanding the ecology and evolution of personality and cognition requires the development of new tools to measure individual and species differences in behavioral and cognitive performances in wild populations. Furthermore, such tools should facilitate collection of large sample sizes, evaluate the repeatability of measured traits and allow direct comparison of species performances across a variety of behavioural tasks. Here we present a RFID-based feeder (OpenFeeder) designed to run visual cognitive tasks in wild animals. We illustrate the flexibility of the tool showing performances of three wild passerine species (<em>Parus major</em>, <em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em> and <em>Poecile palustris</em>) in an associative learning task. We recorded performances of a large number of individuals (>300) in the wild and showed both inter and intraspecific differences in associative learning. We also found moderate to high repeatability in individual differences in associative learning in each species. We show that the OpenFeeder is a flexible tool to record performance in multiple cognitive and behavioural tasks in free ranging animals across a variety of passerine species. The design, firmware, and software are open source to facilitate use in a wide variety of species and thus allow continuous improvement of the system and development of new behavioural and cognitive tasks. In doing so, we hope that this tool will be used by a large community of cognitive ecologists and comparative psychologists for both within and across species studies. Furthermore, our system should facilitate replication of results across populations along large-scale environmental gradients to improve our understanding of the role ecology plays in the evolution of cognitive traits.</p>
Methodological confounds of measuring urinary oxidative stress in wild animals
<p>Biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS) are useful in addressing a wide range of research questions, but thus far, they have had limited application to wild mammal populations due to a reliance on blood or tissue sampling. A shift towards non-invasive measurement of OS would allow field ecologists and conservationists to apply this method more readily. However, the impact of methodological confounds on urinary OS measurement under field conditions has never been explicitly investigated. We combined a cross-sectional analysis with a field experiment to assess the impact of four potential methodological confounds on OS measurements: 1) time of sampling, 2) environmental contamination from foliage; 3) delay between sample collection and flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen; 4) sample storage of up to 15 months below -80C. We measured DNA oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and uric acid (UA) in 167 urine samples collected from wild Zanzibar red colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii). We found that MDA was higher in samples collected in the morning than in the afternoon but there were no diurnal patterns in any of the other markers. Contamination of samples from leaf surfaces and time frozen at -80°C for up to 15 months did not affect OS marker concentrations. Freezing delay did not affect OS levels cross-sectionally, but OS values from individual samples showed only moderate to good consistency and substantial rank order reversals when exposed to different freezing delays. We recommend that the impact of storage time on OS marker concentrations and diurnal patterns of OS markers be considered when designing sampling protocols. However, given the high stability we observed for four OS markers subject to a variety of putative methodological confounds, we suggest that urinary OS markers provide a valuable addition to the toolkit of field ecologists and conservationists within reasonable methodological constraints.</p>
Data from: Malaysian weedy rice shows its true stripes: wild Oryza and elite rice cultivars shape agricultural weed evolution in Southeast Asia
Weedy rice is a close relative of domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) that competes aggressively with the crop and limits rice productivity worldwide. Most genetic studies of weedy rice have focused on populations in regions where no reproductively compatible wild Oryza species occur (North America, Europe, northern Asia). Here we examined the population genetics of weedy rice in Malaysia, where wild rice (O. rufipogon) can be found growing in close proximity to cultivated and weedy rice. Using 375 accessions and a combined analysis of 24 neutral SSR loci and two rice domestication genes (sh4, controlling seed shattering, and Bh4, controlling hull color), we addressed the following questions: 1) What is the relationship of Malaysian weedy rice to domesticated and wild rice, and to weedy rice strains in the US? 2) To what extent does the presence of O. rufipogon influence the genetic and phenotypic diversity of Malaysian weeds? 3) What do the distributions of sh4 and Bh4 alleles and associated phenotypes reveal about the origin and contemporary evolution of Malaysian weedy rice? Our results reveal: independent evolutionary origins for Malaysian weeds and US strains, despite their very close phenotypic resemblance; wild-to-weed gene flow in Malaysian weed populations, including apparent adaptive introgression of seed-shattering alleles; and a prominent role for modern Malaysian cultivars in the origin and recent proliferation of Malaysian weeds. These findings suggest that the genetic complexity and adaptability of weedy crop relatives can be profoundly influenced by proximity to reproductively compatible wild and domesticated populations.
Data from: Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa)
While motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. Here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the Walloon part of Belgium. Altogether 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. In the case of the red deer, different genetic clustering tools identified two genetic subpopulations whose borders matched the motorway well. Conversely, no genetic structure was identified in the case of the wild boar. Analysis of isolation-by-distance patterns of pairs of individuals on the same side and on different sides of the motorway also suggested that the road was a barrier to red deer, but not to wild boar movement. While telemetry studies seem to confirm that red deer are more affected by motorways then wild boar, the red deer sample size was also much larger than that of the wild boars. We therefore repeated the analysis of genetic structure in the red deer with randomly sub-sampled datasets of decreasing size. The power to detect the genetic structure using clustering methods decreased with decreasing sample size.
Distribution. Endemic to C & SE Sulawesi; known from various lowland and more mountainous regions, including Mt Rorekatimbo, Mt Gandangdewata, Mt Balease, and Mt Nokilalaki. Together with the Elongated White-toothed Shrew (C. elongata) this is the only wild shrew occurring on the SE peninsula, but lack of adequate sampling in most pristine areas of S Sulawesi hinders precise biogeographical inferences. in Soricidae
Distribution. Endemic to C & SE Sulawesi; known from various lowland and more mountainous regions, including Mt Rorekatimbo, Mt Gandangdewata, Mt Balease, and Mt Nokilalaki. Together with the Elongated White-toothed Shrew (C. elongata) this is the only wild shrew occurring on the SE peninsula, but lack of adequate sampling in most pristine areas of S Sulawesi hinders precise biogeographical inferences.
Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment
<p>Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment. This dataset was obtained surveying wild bees using pan-traps in the metropolitan city of Rome in 2016.</p>
Mandrillus face database: Portrait pictures of the population of wild mandrills from Bakoumba (Gabon)
<p>Behavioral discrimination of kin is a key process structuring social relationships in animals. In this study, we provide evidence for discrimination towards non-kin by third parties through a mechanism of phenotype matching. In mandrills, we recently demonstrated increased facial resemblance among paternally-related juvenile and adult females indicating adaptive opportunities for paternal kin recognition. Here, we hypothesize that mandrill mothers use offspring's facial resemblance with other infants to guide offspring's social opportunities towards similar-looking ones. Using deep learning for face recognition in 80 wild mandrill infants, we first show that infants sired by the same father resemble each other the most, independently of their age, sex, or maternal origin, extending previous results to the youngest age class. Using long-term behavioral observations on association patterns, and controlling for matrilineal origin, maternal relatedness, and infant age and sex, we then show, as hypothesized, that mothers are spatially closer to infants that resemble their own offspring more, and that this maternal behavior leads to similar-looking infants being spatially associated. We then discuss the different scenarios explaining this result, arguing that adaptive maternal behavior is a likely explanation. In support of this mechanism and using theoretical modeling, we finally describe a plausible evolutionary process whereby mothers gain fitness benefits by promoting nepotism among paternally related infants. This mechanism, which we call "second-order kin selection", may extend beyond mother-infant interactions and has the potential to explain cooperative behaviors among non-kin in other social species, including humans.</p>
Supplementary material 3 from: Barboza GE, García CC, Bianchetti LB, Romero MV, Scaldaferro M (2022) Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200: 1-423. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667
Appendix 3. Comparative data on distribution, habitat, biomes and number of ecoregions inhabited by Capsicum taxa
AI results complementing the 2021 Annual Report on surveillance for Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union - Malta
<p>This dataset contains the results of the EU co-funded surveillance activities conducted in 2021, which consisted of:</p> <ul> <li>Serological surveys to monitor the circulation of AIV subtypes H5 and H7 in poultry (active surveillance). These surveys should preferentially target poultry species or production systems with increased risk for introduction of avian influenza (AI).</li> <li>Passive surveillance aiming at the virological detection of AI in wild birds found dead or moribund</li> </ul>
AI results complementing the 2021 Annual Report on surveillance for Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union - Czechia
<p>This dataset contains the results of the EU co-funded surveillance activities conducted in 2021, which consisted of:</p> <ul> <li>Serological surveys to monitor the circulation of AIV subtypes H5 and H7 in poultry (active surveillance). These surveys should preferentially target poultry species or production systems with increased risk for introduction of avian influenza (AI).</li> <li>Passive surveillance aiming at the virological detection of AI in wild birds found dead or moribund.</li> </ul>
AI results complementing the 2021 Annual Report on surveillance for Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union - Austria
<p>This dataset contains the results of the EU co-funded surveillance activities conducted in 2021, which consisted of:</p> <ul> <li>Serological surveys to monitor the circulation of AIV subtypes H5 and H7 in poultry (active surveillance). These surveys should preferentially target poultry species or production systems with increased risk for introduction of avian influenza (AI).</li> <li>Passive surveillance aiming at the virological detection of AI in wild birds found dead or moribund.</li> </ul>
AI results complementing the 2021 Annual Report on surveillance for Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union - Switzerland
<p>This dataset contains the results of the surveillance activities conducted in 2021, which consisted of:</p> <ul> <li>Serological surveys to monitor the circulation of AIV subtypes H5 and H7 in poultry (active surveillance). These surveys should preferentially target poultry species or production systems with increased risk for introduction of avian influenza (AI).</li> <li>Passive surveillance aiming at the virological detection of AI in wild birds found dead or moribund</li> </ul>
Annual report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2021 – high-quality maps
<p>Here you can find the high-quality maps published in the ‘Annual report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2021' by EFSA.</p>
Both selection and drift drive the spatial pattern of adaptive genetic variation in a wild mammal
<p><span>The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been intensively studied to test for the relative effects of different evolutionary forces in recent decades. Pathogen-mediated balancing selection is generally thought to explain the high polymorphism observed in MHC genes, but it is still unclear to what extent MHC diversity is shaped by selection relative to neutral drift. In this study, we genotyped MHC class II DRB genes and 15 neutral microsatellite loci across 26 geographic populations of European badgers (<em>Meles meles</em>) covering most of their geographic range. By comparing the variation of microsatellites and the diversity of MHC at different levels, we demonstrate that both balancing selection and drift have shaped the evolution of MHC genes. When only MHC allelic identity was investigated, the spatial pattern of MHC variation was similar to that of microsatellites. By contrast, when functional aspects of the MHC diversity (e.g. immunological supertypes) were considered, balancing selection appears to decrease genetic structuring across populations. Our comprehensive sampling and analytical approach enable us to conclude that the likely mechanisms of selection are heterozygote advantage and/or rare-allele advantage. This study is a clear demonstration of how both balancing selection and genetic drift simultaneously affect the evolution of MHC genes in a widely-distributed wild mammal.</span></p>
Wild West Town - Low Poly
Wild West Town - Low Poly Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Dr Williams Office from the Wild West
Dr Williams Office from the Wild West Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Low-Poly Cartoon Wild West Saloon
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild boar roman bronze sculpture, Evora
Small Roman bronze sculpture depicting a wild boar. This piece is dated between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD although its origin is unknown. It is currently preserved in the Frei Manuel do Cenáculo National Museum (Évora, Portugal). Catalog No. ME3349. PEREIRA, Gabriel - Estudos Eborenses, I, 2ª ed. Évora: Edições Nazareth, 1947, p. 130. PINTO, António José Nunes - Bronzes Figurativos Romanos de Portugal. Lisboa: Fundação calouste Gulbenkian, 2002, p. 228. 438 photos from Canon 5D Mk IV. Completely processed (aligned, scaled, meshed, cleaned, simplified, unwrapped, textured) in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Voxel Wild West wanted poster
*Voxel -style WildWest wanted poster<br> Made in MagicaVoxel* Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.