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9,937 results for “Endemicity”
FIGURE 1 in Discovery of a new species of Lacon Laporte (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Agrypninae) endemic to Cyprus, with a modified tarsal morphology
FIGURE 1. Habitus images and body parts of Lacon cyprius sp. nov. A–C. Male holotype in dorsal, ventral and lateral view, respectively. D. Female paratype in dorsal view. E–F. Basal and medial antennomeres, male holotype and female paratype, respectively. G–H. Pronotum, male holotype and female paratype, respectively. I–J. Scutellar shield, male holotype and female paratype, respectively. K–L. Fore tarsomeres, male holotype and female paratype, respectively. M. Hind leg, male holotype. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs I–M), 1 mm (Figs E–F), 2 mm (Figs G–H), 3 mm (Figs A–D).
Data from: Endemism patterns are scale dependent
<p>Areas of endemism are important in biogeography because they capture facets of biodiversity not represented elsewhere. However, the scales at which they are relevant to research and conservation are poorly analysed. Here, we calculate weighted endemism (WE) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) separately for all birds and amphibians across the globe. We show that scale dependence is widespread for both indices and manifests across grain sizes, spatial extents and taxonomic treatments. Variations in taxonomic opinions – whether species are treated by systematic 'lumping' or 'splitting' – can profoundly affect the allocation of WE hotspots. Global patterns of PE can provide insights into complex evolutionary processes but this congruence is lost at the continental to country extents. These findings are explained by environmental heterogeneity at coarser grains, and to a far lesser extent at finer resolutions. Regardless of scale, we find widespread deficits of protection for endemism hotspots. Our study presents a framework for assessing areas for conservation that are robust to assumptions on taxonomy, spatial grain and extent.</p>
FIGURE 9 in First record of Synagelides Strand, 1906 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Sri Lanka description of four endemic species from tropical wet forest of the island
FIGURE 9. Synagelides orlandoi sp. nov. A–B, male (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view). C–E left palp (C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view). Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–E = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 10–15 in Endemism within endemism: a new species of Austroleptis Hardy, 1920 (Diptera Austroleptidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest highlands
FIGURES 10–15. Terminalia of Austroleptis camposgerais sp. nov., female, holotype. 10. Abdomen, ventral view with spermathecae. 11. Abdomen, lateral view, position of spermathecae visible. 12. Spermathecae. 13. Terminalia, dorsal view. 14. Terminalia, lateral view. 15. Terminalia, ventral view. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; spmth dt, spermathecal duct; spmth, spermatheca; st, sternite; tg, tergite.
FIGURE 20 in Endemism within endemism: a new species of Austroleptis Hardy, 1920 (Diptera Austroleptidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest highlands
FIGURE 20. Assumed relationship between the three species of Austroleptis, overlapped to the limits of the "Southern Atlantic Forest" area of endemism (Amorim & Santos 2017), based on species of different groups of Diptera.
FIGURE 2 in The putative endemic Mexican reef coral Porites baueri Squires 1959 (Scleractinia Poritidae) is a synonym of the widespread coral Porites lobata Dana 1846
FIGURE 2. Results of canonical discriminant analysis showing the corallite variation of Porites species. Crosses = P. lobata, circles = P. lobata type (USNM652), squares = P. baueri type (AMNH3348), diamonds = P. paschalensis type (USNM68279), triangles = P. excavata type (YPM1677A). Notice that the full variation of P. baueri corallites (close squares) fall within P. lobata (crosses) corallite variation.
Continuous petal variation in Epimedium tianmenshanense (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China
<p><span><span><i>Epimedium tianmenshanense</i> (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China, was found to be highly variable in floral characteristics. In the protologue, its characteristics were described as "flower small, 0.2-0.4 cm diam., inner sepals white, petals as long as inner sepals or a little shorter than the latter, spur very short, ca. 5.0 mm". However, both morphological characteristics and molecular evidence proves that <i>E. tianmenshanense</i> is closely related to <i>E. baojingense</i>, a taxon with a long spur. Based on careful observation in the field and cultivation, the petals were found to be highly variable in morphology (both shape and size), being cucullate, subulate, short to long spurred, and with various transitions. The flowers size varied from small to large accordingly. The flowers with cucullate and subulate petals, which were a little shorter than the inner sepals or almost as long as the latter, were small (about 0.8 cm in diameter). The flowers with long spurs, which were much longer than the inner sepals, were large (about 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter). Finally, the flowers with short spurs, which were a little longer than the inner sepals, were medium-sized (about 1.0–1.2 cm in diameter). In addition, the color of inner sepals was revised from "white, occasionally light mulberry-purple" to yellowish green or yellowish white. <i>E</i><i>pimedium</i><i> </i><i>tianmenshanense</i> is a perfect example of natural petal evolution, which could be used for further taxonomic and evolutionary studies. The reason for the variation and the taxonomic treatment of the species still need further study.</span></span></p>
Data from: Between an ocean and a high place: coastal drainage isolation generates endemic cryptic species in the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis (Anabantiformes: Anabantidae), Cape Region, South Africa
This study investigated the range-wide phylogenetics and biogeography of the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis, a primary freshwater fish endemic to, and widespread within, the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian phylogenetic, and haplotype network analyses, based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, revealed the existence of three reciprocally monophyletic, deeply divergent and allopatric clades that likely represent cryptic species. The West Coast Clade is largely confined to the Langvlei, Verlorenvlei, Berg, and Diep rivers, the Klein River Clade is endemic to the Klein River, and the South Coast Clade is found everywhere else in the range of S. capensis sensu lato. It was hypothesized that divergences within S. capensis sensu lato likely occurred because of (1) isolation of coastal drainages by persistent drainage divides and/or (2) vicariance of current tributaries by the drowning of their confluences by high sea levels. The current distribution of lineages could be due to historical range expansion and gene flow via (1) river capture or some other mode of transdivide dispersal, and/or (2) dispersal during periods of low sea level via paleoriver confluences of currently isolated coastal rivers. Comparison of BEAST2 estimated divergence times with the timing of climatic, geological, and geomorphological events supported long-term coastal drainage isolation, punctuated by rare transdivide dispersal events and limited paleoriver dispersal, as the best explanation of current phylogeographic and divergence patterns in S. capensis. Hydrological barriers that block upstream passage in palaeotributaries could hypothetically explain why S. capensis failed to disperse through certain palaeoriver confluences. There were several sites where biogeographic patterns have likely been confounded by human translocation of S. capensis. Alien fish predators and water extraction may threaten the three cryptic species more severely than previously realized, due to their smaller population sizes and inhabitation of only a portion of the range previously ascribed to S. capensis sensu lato. The preponderance of cryptic diversity and endemism in the CFR suggests that additional undescribed cryptic species of obligate freshwater fishes may be found in short coastal river systems around the world, especially in regions with a history of geological stability and a narrow continental shelf.
Data from: Associations between habitat quality, body size, and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum
Aim. In theory, the highest-quality habitat across a species' range should support individuals with the highest fitness, making it possible to evaluate the outputs of species distribution models (SDM) by exploring the relation between habitat quality and functional traits related to species' fitness. However, this relation has been tested almost exclusively in plants. We investigated the degree to which morphological and reproductive traits of an alpine spider varied along a gradient of habitat quality projected via species distribution models. Location. Southwestern Alps (France and Italy) Time period. 2007–2018 Major taxa studied. Vesubia jugorum (Arachnida: Araneae: Lycosidae) Methods. We used climatic, topographical and geomorphological variables at a resolution of 250 m to model habitat quality for V. jugorum, with multiple algorithms (generalized additive models, boosted regression trees, and maximum entropy models). We collected spiders in the field and measured their body size and egg-case size (a functional trait related to reproductive success). We tested the relation between functional traits and habitat quality with linear mixed models. Results. All SDM algorithms we tested fit the data well, with similar explanatory ability. Models revealed a positive relation between the probability of presence and cumulative precipitation and percentage of rock. An additional important variable in the SDMs was duration of snow coverage, with optimal projected habitat quality between 40 and 100 days/year with snow. Modeled habitat quality was positively associated with maximum body and egg-case size. Main conclusions. Our work provides evidence of a positive association between projected habitat quality and traits of a terrestrial invertebrate. A model that fits the data well potentially can be used to predict variations in species' traits, thus offering an experimental test of SDM projections with field-collected data. We encourage SDM users to incorporate data on functional traits into their modeling fitting exercises.
Data from: Urban forest fragments as unexpected sanctuaries for the rare endemic ghost butterfly from the Atlantic forest.
Anthropogenic land expansion, particularly urbanization, is pervasive, dramatically modifies the environment and is a major threat to wildlife with its associated environmental stressors. Urban remnant vegetation can help mitigate these impacts and could be vital for species unable to survive in harsh urban environments. Although resembling non-urban habitats, urban vegetation remnants are subject to additional environmental stresses. Here we evaluate the occurrence and density of the endemic ghost butterfly (Morpho epistrophus nikolajewna), that was once common, in the highly fragmented Atlantic forest of NE Brazil. We tested whether this butterfly would be found at lower densities in urban forest fragments of contrasting sizes as opposed to rural ones, given the number of environmental stressors found in urban areas. We surveyed 14 forest fragments (range 2.8 to over 3000 ha) of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest in rural and urban locations using transect based distance sampling. The ghost butterflies showed strong seasonality; flying only from April to June. They were only identified in an urban fragment (515 ha), with an estimate of 720 individuals and a density 1.4 ind/ha. All forest fragments had experienced some level of logging in the past, which might have had an effect in the butterfly population. Nevertheless, rural forest fragments were subject to increased particulate matter concentrations, associated to biomass burning, that we suggest might have had a more influential role driving the collapse of rural populations. Our findings show the importance of urban forest remnants to sustain population of this endangered species.
Conservation status of a plant family with high endemism, the Primulaceae, in China
<p>Primroses, ca 1000 species from the family Primulaceae, are mostly distributed in high mountains and attract people's attention with their high ornamental value. However, they are increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change in recent decades. China harbors more than half of global primrose species, most of which are endemic. To strengthen studies on their conservation, we established a distribution database for primroses in China, including 12 genera and 535 speceies. Based on this database, we explored the geographic pattern of the richness of primrose species in relation to environmental factors and identified conservation priority areas. The results showed that the primrose richness was highest in the mountain areas from the eastern Himalayas to the Hengduan Mountains, with habitat heterogeneity and temperature seasonality together shaping that pattern. Furthermore, the richnesses of endemic and threatened primroses were strongly affected by the long-term climate stability since the Last Glacial Maximum. On average, national nature reserves (NNRs) covered 29.6% of the distribution areas of primroses. By analyzing less protected species, we proposed that nature reserves need to be established in several conservation gaps mainly located in Southwest China to protect the primrose species in China.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Areas of endemism for Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes): A monophyletic family of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics
FIGURE 4. Consensus areas of endemism (CAs) delimited for Anablepidae by endemicity analysis with grid size of 1.5º.
FIGURES 1–4. Franciscagrion longispinum. 1a. F0 in Final instar larva of Franciscagrion longispinum Machado & Bedê, 2015 (Odonata Coenagrionidae), an endemic species from the springs of the São Francisco river
FIGURES 1–4. Franciscagrion longispinum. 1a. F0 exuvia habitus; 2. antenna; 3. prementum: 3a. detail of labial palp, 3b. lateral row of setae; 4. right and left mandibles.
Datasets for Mixed support for gene flow as a constraint to local adaptation and contributor to the limited geographic range of an endemic salamander
<p>Understanding mechanisms that underlie species range limits is at the core of evolutionary ecology. Asymmetric gene flow between larger core populations and smaller edge populations can swamp local adaptation at the range edge and inhibit further range expansion. However, empirical tests of this theory are exceedingly rare. We tested the hypothesis that asymmetric gene flow can constrain local adaptation and thereby species' range limits in an endemic US salamander (<i>Ambystoma barbouri</i>) by determining if gene flow is asymmetric between the core and peripheries of the species' geographic distribution and testing whether local adaptation is swamped at range edges with a reciprocal transplant experiment. Using putatively neutral loci from populations across three core-to-edge transects that covered nearly the entire species' geographic range, we found evidence for asymmetric, core-to-edge gene flow along western and northern transects, but not along a southern transect. Subsequently, the reciprocal transplant experiment suggested that northern and western edge populations are locally adapted despite experiencing asymmetric gene flow yet have lower fitness in their respective home regions than center populations do. Conversely, southern populations exhibit low deme quality, experiencing high mortality regardless of where they were reared, likely due to harsher edge habitat conditions. Consequently, we provide rare species-wide evidence that local adaptation can occur despite asymmetric gene flow, though migration from the core may prohibit range expansion by reducing fitness in edge populations. Further, our multi-transect study shows that multiple, non-mutually exclusive mechanisms can lead to range limits within a single species.</p>
Archived GBIF Dataset: Endemic plants of the Congo basin
<p>This dataset was archived from GBIF on 2020-09-10. More up to date data on the specimens inside can be found in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/wrthhx">Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium dataset</a>.</p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>Specimens of plants endemic to either Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo<br> or Rwanda</p> <p><strong>Temporal scope</strong></p> <ul> <li>January 1, 1890 - December 31, 2014</li> </ul> <p><strong>Geographic scope</strong></p> <p>Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Burundi</p>
Data from: The Kimberley, north-western Australia, as a cradle of evolution and endemic biodiversity: an example using Grunters (Terapontidae)
Aim: To test two prominent, alternate hypotheses that provide explanations for the great accumulation of endemic species in the Kimberley bioregion in north-western Australia, using an extensively sampled, region wide phylogeny of northern Australia's most speciose freshwater fish family, Terapontidae. Specifically, we test whether the Kimberley may act as (1) a "museum" accumulating taxa and endemic species over time or (2) a "cradle" of more recent diversification and neoendemism. Location: The Australian monsoonal tropics Taxon: Grunters (Terapontidae) Methods: We obtained a robust and well supported Bayesian phylogeny for the family using DNA sequences from mtDNA and nuclear gene regions. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using species tree methods including molecular dating analysis, ancestral range reconstruction, and diversification analysis. Results: Based on our phylogeny, the combined molecular clock estimates and likelihood-based historical biogeographic reconstructions suggest that terapontids recently transitioned into the Kimberley from the east during the late-Miocene. We found that 80% of Kimberley terapontids diversified within the Kimberley in the last 3 Ma. Further, diversification analyses identified a single significant shift in diversification rates ~1.4 Ma that corresponds with a change in global climate midway through the Pleistocene that was predominantly driven by speciation in the Kimberley. Main Conclusions: The weight of evidence suggests that the Kimberley has been a "cradle" of evolution for Terapontidae, rather than a "museum". Our analysis provides strong evidence for a geologically recent transition of terapontids into the Kimberley from regions to the east during the late Miocene followed by a significant increase in speciation rates during the Pleistocene, driven by speciation in the Kimberley. The results provide important insight into the evolutionary and biogeographical processes that have shaped the regions unique biota, which will inform land managers working to protect and conserve both species and the processes responsible for generating and sustaining them.
Data from: Chloroplast population genetics reveals low levels of genetic variation and conformation to the central–marginal hypothesis in Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, an endangered conifer endemic to China
The central–marginal hypothesis predicts that geographically peripheral populations should exhibit reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation than central populations due to smaller effective population size and stronger geographical isolation. We evaluated these predictions in the endangered conifer Taxus wallichiana var. mairei. Eight plastid simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) were used to investigate plastid genetic variation in 22 populations of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, encompassing nearly its entire distribution range. Low levels of plastid genetic variation and differentiation were detected in the populations, and the findings were attributed to low mutation rates, small population sizes, habitat fragmentation and isolation, and effective pollen or seed dispersal. Hunan and Hubei were identified as major refugia based on the number of private haplotypes and species distribution modeling. Trends in plastid genetic diversity and genetic differentiation from central to peripheral populations supported the predictions of the central–marginal hypothesis. In scenarios wherein the future climate becomes warmer, we predict that some peripheral populations will disappear and southern and southeastern regions will become significantly less habitable. Factors that include the levels of precipitation during the driest month, annual precipitation level, and annual temperature range will be decisive in shaping the future distribution of these populations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation of T. wallichiana var. mairei.
Madagascan highlands: originally woodland and forest containing endemic grasses, not grazing-adapted grassland
Long considered a consequence of anthropogenic agropastoralism, the origin of Madagascar's central highland grassland is hotly disputed. Arguments that ancient endemic grasses formed grassland maintained by extinct grazers and fire have been persuasive. Consequent calls to repeal fire-suppression legislation, burn protected areas, and accept pastoralism as the 'salvation' of endemic grasses mount, even as the IUCN declares 98% of lemurs face extinction through fire-driven deforestation. By analysing grass data from contemporary studies, and assessing endemic vertebrate habitat and feeding guilds, we find that although the grassland potentially dates from the Miocene, it is inhospitable to endemic vertebrates, and lacks obligate grazers. Endemic grasses are absent from dominant grassland assemblages, yet not from woodland and forest assemblages. There is compelling evidence that humans entered a highland dominated by woodland and forest, and burned it; by 1000 CE grass pollens eclipsed tree pollens, reminiscent of prevailing fire-induced transformation of African miombo woodland to grassland. Endemic grasses are survivors from vanished woody habitats where grassy patches were likely small and ephemeral, precluding adaptive radiation by endemic vertebrates to form grazing guilds. Today forests, relic tapia woodland and outcompeted endemic grasses progressively retreat in a burning grassland dominated by non-endemic, grazing-adapted grasses and cattle.
Elevation and landscape change drive the distribution of a montane, endemic grassland bird
<p>This dataset documents the presence and abundance of the Nilgiri pipit (<em>Anthus nilghiriensis</em>) in 170 survey sites across most of its global range. Between one and four surveys were carried out at each site between November 2017 and May 2018 by experienced observers. Survey duration was proportional to site area. A wide range of habitat characteristics were also surveyed, and additional habitat characteristics for each site were gathered from remotely sensed data. </p>
FIGURE 5 in Redescription of larva of the South African endemic dobsonfly genus Chloroniella Esben-Petersen, 1924 (Megaloptera, Corydalidae), with a proposed terminology for Corydalidae larval sclerites
FIGURE 5. Setae of abdominal terga of late-instar larva of Chloroniella peringueyi Esben-Petersen, 1924 (Megaloptera: Corydalinae). A) Dorsal surface of an abdominal tergite with three distinct types of setae; B) Long, slender, smooth, erect and tapering macrosetae, with inconspicuous openings; C) Small, smooth, decumbent and rounded microsetae, with inconspicuous opening; D–E) Medial, smooth, erect and tubular macrosetae, with widened and upper portion and open tip.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.