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Figure 10 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 10. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Parnopini and Allocoeliini. Character state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the top, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among Chrysidini species (Clade 5) are shown in detail in Figures 11–12.
Figure 8 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 8. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Loboscediliinae and Amiseginae. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.
Figure 7 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 7. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Cleptinae and extinct Chrysididae taxa. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among other subfamilies of Chrysididae (Clades 2 and 3) are shown detail in Figures 8–12.
Figure 6. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 6. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among Chrysididae (Clade 1) are shown in detail in Figures 7–12.
Figure 4 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 4. Chronogram for Chrysidinae, partim (Chrysididae) derived from a combined Bayesian analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. The chrysidine clade connects to the remaining tree of Chrysididae in Figure 3; phylogenetic relationships among the species of Chrysidini are shown in the Figure 5. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time from the present (timescale on the bottom), highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of select nodes are indicated by horizontal blue bars, and node support values correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities. Lowercase letters indicate clades of major interest (discussed in the text) with their respective estimated ages. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.
Figure 5 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 5. Chronogram for Chrysidini (Chrysididae: Chrysidinae) derived from a combined Bayesian analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. The clade herein represented connects to the remaining tree of Chrysidinae in Figure 4. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time from the present (timescale on the bottom), highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of selected nodes are indicated by horizontal blue bars, and node support values correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities. Lowercase letters indicate clades of major interest (discussed in the text) with their respective estimated ages. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.
Figure 13 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 13. Maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree calculated for the Chrysididae and distribution of terminals in biogeographic divisions of the world. The charts on tips represent the true geographical range for the genus or lineage being considered. Widespread taxa are represented on tips by multicolour charts. The pruned tree was obtained from a maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree considering all compatible groups (contype = allcompat in MrBayes). Groups of species were combined into lineages representing monophyletic genera or other taxon combinations. Monophyletic groups are represented by their genus names only. Non-monophyletic taxa are represented multiple times. Biogeographic reconstruction of the history of Chrysididae was conducted using the DEC model as implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Pie charts at nodes show the relative probability of the possible states (areas or combinations of areas) indicated by asterisk those higher than 50%; combinations of areas are indicated by grey slices; black slices represent a fraction of the reconstructions with high ambiguity.
Figure 11 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 11. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Chrysidini partim. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among other Chrysidini species (Clades 6 and 7) are shown in detail in Figure 12.
Figure 2 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 2. Comparison between phylogenetic hypotheses for extant groups of Chrysididae and closely related taxa of Chrysidoidea: A, summary of morphology-based hypotheses (Kimsey & Bohart, 1991; Carpenter, 1999; Lucena & Melo, 2018; Melo & Lucena, 2020); B, summary of the DNA-based hypothesis by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). The phylogenetic position of Loboscelidiinae (Chrysididae) is indicated with a question mark because it was not inferred by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). Fossil taxa not included in the molecular analyses are represented by dashed lines.
Figure 1 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 1. Summary of the phylogenetic relationships and valid genera of Chrysididae based on Kimsey & Bohart (1991) with recent amendments. The placement of Kimseya and †Eochrysis are considered herein as uncertain within the Chrysidinae. The main groups being considered in the family are colour-coded. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.
Figure 22 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 22. Scanning electron microscopy images of ventral and dorsal views of metasomas, and posterior view of mesosomas. Metasomal carina is colour-indicated. A, Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, female, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in C. B, Exochrysis leucostigma (Mocsáry), male, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in D. Dorsal views of T1: E, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron), female; F, Neochrysis inseriata (Mocsáry), female. Posterior view of mesosomas: G, Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, female; H, Caenochrysis paranaca (Linsenmaier), female. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.
Data from: Age-at-injury influences the glial response to traumatic brain injury in the cortex of male juvenile rats
<p>Glia influence neuronal development and aging. Few translational studies have examined how age at injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured before sexual maturity would exhibit a greater glial response, that persists into early adulthood, compared to rats injured near the onset of sexual maturity.</p> <p>Postnatal day (PND)17 and PND35 rats received midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions (peri-injury, S1BF, perirhinal), we investigated the glial response relative to age at injury, time post-injury (2H, 1D 7D, 25D, and 43D), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17+25d post-injury=PND42; PND35+7d post-injury=PND42). We measured Iba1+ microglia cells and quantified their activation status. GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models.</p> <p>Independent of age at injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer endpoints) in the cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to shams. TBI-induced microglial activation was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between ages.</p> <p>Increased microglial activation in PND17 injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age at injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI during early childhood may trigger an exaggerated glial response.</p>
Water, sanitation and the risk of chronic conditions in old age: Results from the Ghana WHO SAGE 2
<p>Water and sanitation have been related to the health of populations, yet, the effects of these factors on the occurrence of chronic conditions (CC) in later life have been least explored. This study examines the association of CC with water and sanitation among older Ghanaians and whether the associations are moderated by gender and residence. Data from the WHO-SAGE Wave 2 comprising of 4735 adults aged ≥ 50 years were analyzed in this study. The primary outcome was CC and the exposures included sources of water, sanitation facilities, and the sharing of sanitation facilities. Generalized logistic regression models estimated the effects of water and sanitation indicators on the occurrence of CC. Overall, 18.8% of the sample reported at least one CC. Compared to men and rural residents, women and urban residents respectively were more likely to report CC (<em>p </em>< 0.001). After full adjustments, logistic regressions showed that the use of unimproved sanitation (OR = 1.732, CI: 1.377–5.418) and sharing of sanitation facilities (OR = 1.624, CI: 1.095–1.320) were associated with higher odds of CC. However, the use of water did not reach significance (<em>p</em> = 0.125). We found a significant interaction effect for type of toilet <strong>×</strong> gender (OR = 3.498, CI: 1.744–16.442), source of water <strong>×</strong> residence (OR = 5.935, CI: 1.320–26.685), and type of toilet <strong>× </strong>residence (OR = 1.998, CI: 1.462–8.642). The use of unimproved sanitation facilities and the sharing of sanitation facilities are associated with the occurrence of CC among older people. Policy and public health interventions targeted at improving the health and well-being of older people should conspicuously include improving access to sanitation services.</p>
FIGURES 12–15 in Taxonomy and valve ultrastructure of new and interesting freshwater fossil diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of Miocene age from the Espanola Formation of New Mexico, U.S.A. II. Description of a New Grunowia species with comments on the genus
FIGURES 12–15. Grunowia mannii Kociolek & Danz sp. nov. SEM. Valve interior. 12–14. Entire valves, showing differences in valve shape relative to length. Large fibulae and large portules over the raphe canal are evident. 15. View of central nodule showing small, helictoglossa-like center and discontinuous raphe branch. Scale bars = 5 µm (Fig. 12), 4 µm (Fig. 13), 3 µm (Fig. 14), 1 µm (Fig. 15).
FIGURES 1–7 in Taxonomy and valve ultrastructure of new and interesting freshwater fossil diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of Miocene age from the Espanola Formation of New Mexico, U.S.A. II. Description of a New Grunowia species with comments on the genus
FIGURES 1–7. Grunowia mannii Kociolek & Danz sp. nov. LM. Size diminution series. Fig. 1 represents an initial valve. The holotype is presented in fig. 4. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURES 8–11 in Taxonomy and valve ultrastructure of new and interesting freshwater fossil diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of Miocene age from the Espanola Formation of New Mexico, U.S.A. II. Description of a New Grunowia species with comments on the genus
FIGURES 8–11. Grunowia mannii Kociolek & Danz sp. nov. SEM of valve exterior. 8, 9. Valve view showing characteristic shape and distinctly-elevated, raphe-bearing keel. 10. Apex of the valve showing raphe end extending onto the mantle. 11. Central portion of the valve, with raphe branches interrupted. Scale bars = 5 µm (Figs 8, 9), 3 µm (Fig. 10), 2 µm (Fig. 11).
NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype
<p></p><p>Hypertension is the most important cause of death and disability in the elderly. In 9 out of 10 cases, the molecular cause, however, is unknown. One mechanistic hypothesis involves impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Indeed, ROS forming NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes associate with hypertension, yet target validation has been negative. We re-investigate this association by molecular network analysis and identify NOX5, not present in rodents, as a sole neighbor to human vasodilatory endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling. In hypertensive patients, endothelial microparticles indeed contained higher levels of NOX5—but not NOX1, NOX2, or NOX4—with a bimodal distribution correlating with disease severity. Mechanistically, mice expressing human Nox5 in endothelial cells developed—upon aging—severe systolic hypertension and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to uncoupled NO synthase (NOS). We conclude that NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NOS is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. Nox5 knock-in (KI) mice represent the first mechanism-based animal model of hypertension.</p><p></p>
Dataset for "Impact of ZnO on C3S hydration and C-S-H morphology at early ages"
<p>The data came along with the publication"Impact of ZnO on C3S hydration and C-S-H morphology at early ages", by Xuerun Li, and Karen L. Scrivener submitted to Cement and Concrete Research, 2022, volume 154</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106734</p> <p>Please cite the paper when using it.</p> <p>Xuerun Li.<br> Oct. 2020</p>
10Be concentrations constraining surface age and valley growth rate in a seepage-derived drainage network in the Apalachicola River basin, Florida
<p class="Head1"><span><span>Measuring rates of valley head migration and determining the timing of canyon-opening are insightful quantifications for the history and evolution of planetary surfaces. Horizontal spatial gradients of <em>in situ-</em>produced cosmogenic nuclide concentrations provide a framework for assessing the migration of these and similar topographic features. We developed a theoretical model for the concentration of <em>in situ</em> produced cosmogenic radionuclides in valley walls during retreat of a valley head. The retreat rate is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the spatial concentration gradient and proportional to local nuclide accumulation rates. By solving for a spatial gradient in concentration along a valley parallel transect, we created an expression for the explicit determination of valley head retreat, termed unzipping. We applied this theory to a developing seepage-derived drainage network along the Apalachicola River, Florida, USA. Sample concentrations along a valley margin transect vary systematically from 2.9 x 10<sup>5</sup> atoms/g to 3.5 x 10<sup>5</sup> atoms/g resulting in a gradient of 160 atoms/g/m, and from this value a valley head retreat rate of 0.025 m/y is found. The discrepancy between overall network age and current rates of valley head migration suggests intermittent network growth which is consistent with glacial-interglacial precipitation variations during the Pleistocene. This method can be applied to a wide range of Earth-surface environments. For the <sup>10</sup>Be system, this method should be sensitive to unzipping rates bounded between 10<sup>-6</sup> m/y and 10<sup>0</sup> m/y.</span></span></p>
Age-by-maternal-age Markov chain with rewards analysis of variance in LRO in rotifers
<p>This set of data and code files is a supplement to the American Naturalist paper:<br> van Daalen et al. 2021 The contributions of maternal age heterogeneity to variance in lifetime reproductive output</p> <p>It provides the user the matrices (as first presented in Hernandez et al., 2020, PNAS) and the code to reproduce our analysis or apply the methods to their own data. Two multistate, age-by-maternal-age matrices with basic demographic information (survival and transitions, and fertility) are provided, as well as data to paramaterize a reward matrix. The code presents a Markov chain with rewards approach to calculating mean and variance in lifetime reproductive output from a multistate matrix model, and a method to decompose variance into contributions by individual heterogeneity (from maternal age) and stochasticity (due to inherent randomness in the outcomes of age-specific survival probabilities and age-specific reproductive output).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.