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Figure 7 in Living on a sticky trap: natural history and morphology of Bactrodes assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Bactrodinae)
Figure 7. Egg batches of B. femoratus and egg parasitoids. (a) Egg batch with Bactrodes embryos and hatched eggs, Trinidad and Tobago. (b) Egg batch hatched eggs and eggs parasitised by Telenomus sp. (Scelionidae), Peru. (c) Two Bactrodes eggs parasitised by Telenomus sp. (d) Two Bactrodes eggs parasitised by Trichogramma sp. (Trichogrammatidae). (e) Telenomus sp. (right) and Trichogramma sp. (left) reared from B. femoratus eggs.
Figure 4 in Living on a sticky trap: natural history and morphology of Bactrodes assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Bactrodinae)
Figure 4. Dorsal habitus of B. biannulatus, B. femoratus, and B. spinulosus (top row); close-up of head and thorax of B. biannulatus in dorsal view and lateral view of B. femoratus and B. spinulosus (middle row); apex of tibia, tarsus and pretarsus of an early instar immature of B. femoratus, black arrow points to stout ventral seta on distal tarsomere.
Figure 74. Living animals. A in Previously undocumented diversity and abundance of cryptic species: a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-Pacific Arminidae Rafinesque, 1814 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with descriptions of 20 new species of Dermatobranchus
Figure 74. Living animals. A, Dermatobranchus rodmani sp. nov., CASIZ 173400, Radama Islands, Madagascar, photo by T. M. Gosliner. B, Dermatobranchus rodmani sp. nov., CASIZ 174170, Pulau Labus, Malaysia, photo by D. W. Behrens. C, Dermatobranchus semilunus sp. nov., Pulau Chimbe, off Tioman, Malaysia, photo by T. M. Gosliner. D, Dermatobranchus semilunus sp. nov., CASIZ 073045, Madang, Papua New Guinea, photo by T. M. Gosliner. E, Dermatobranchus semilunus sp. nov., CASIZ 110407, Cabilao, Bohol, Philippines, photo by T. M. Gosliner. F, Dermatobranchus tuberculatus sp. nov., CASIZ 110361, Ligpo Island, Luzon, Philippines, photo by T. M. Gosliner. G, Dermatobranchus tuberculatus sp. nov., CASIZ 096332, Devil's Point, Maricaban Island, Luzon, Philippines, photo by T. M. Gosliner. H, Dermatobranchus tuberculatus sp. nov., CASIZ 174171, Pulau Tenggol, Malaysia, photo by T. M. Gosliner.
Figure 42. Living animals. A in Previously undocumented diversity and abundance of cryptic species: a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-Pacific Arminidae Rafinesque, 1814 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with descriptions of 20 new species of Dermatobranchus
Figure 42. Living animals. A, Dermatobranchus dendronephthyphagus sp. nov., living animal on prey, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, photo by Bob Bolland. B, Dermatobranchus diagonalis sp. nov., CASIZ 068708, Rempi Lagoon, Papua New Guinea, photo T. M. Gosliner. C, Dermatobranchus earlei sp. nov., photo by John Earle. D, Dermatobranchus fasciatus sp. nov., Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, photo by Marina Poddubetskaia. E, F, Dermatobranchus funiculus sp. nov. living animals, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, photos by Bob Bolland. G, H, Dermatobranchus funiculus sp. nov. living animals, Maricaban Island, Luzon, Philippines, photos by T. Gosliner.
Figure 15. Living animals. A in Previously undocumented diversity and abundance of cryptic species: a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-Pacific Arminidae Rafinesque, 1814 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with descriptions of 20 new species of Dermatobranchus
Figure 15. Living animals. A., Dermatobranchus gonatophorus Hasselt, 1824, after Bergh, 1905. B, Dermatobranchus ornatus (Bergh, 1874), after Bergh, 1874. C, Dermatobranchus gonatophorus Hasselt, 1824, Thailand, photo by Mark Strickland. D, Dermatobranchus ornatus (Bergh, 1874), Ligpo, Philippines, photo by T. Gosliner. E, Dermatobranchus pustulosus Hasselt, 1824, after Bergh, 1887. F, Dermatobranchus pustulosus Hasselt, 1824, CASIZ 083798, Mabini, Luzon, Philippines, photo by T. Gosliner. G, Dermatobranchus pustulosus Hasselt, 1824, CASIZ 085904, Dakak, Mindanao, Philippines, photo by T. Gosliner. H, Dermatobranchus rubidus (Gould, 1852), CASIZ 105696, Mabini, Luzon, Philippines, photo by T. Gosliner. I, Dermatobranchus striatus Hasselt, 1824, CASIZ 086314, Madang, Papua New Guinea, photo by T. Gosliner.
Figure 30. Living animals. A in Previously undocumented diversity and abundance of cryptic species: a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-Pacific Arminidae Rafinesque, 1814 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with descriptions of 20 new species of Dermatobranchus
Figure 30. Living animals. A, Dermatobranchus albineus sp. nov., Hottentot's Huisie, Cape Peninsula, South Africa, photo T. M. Gosliner. B, Dermatobranchus albineus sp. nov., on host octocoral, Hottentot's Huisie, Cape Peninsula, South Africa, photo by T. M. Gosliner. C, Dermatobranchus arminus sp. nov., Bakoven, South Africa, photo by T. M. Gosliner. D, Dermatobranchus caesitius sp. nov., Umgazana, South Africa, photo by T. M. Gosliner. E, Dermatobranchus caeruleomaculatus sp. nov., living animal, Tioman Island, Malaysia, photo by T. M. Gosliner. F, Dermatobranchus caeruloemaculatus sp. nov., egg mass, Tioman Island, Malaysia, photo by T. M. Gosliner. G, Dermatobranchus cymatilis sp. nov., Okinawa, Japan, photo by Bob Bolland. H, Dermatobranchus dendronephthyphagus sp. nov., living animal, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, photo by Bob Bolland.
Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species
Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.
FIGURE 1. Rigiolepis argentii Mustaqim & Ardi. A. Living plant. B in Rigiolepis argentii (Ericaceae): a new species from Sulawesi, Indonesia
FIGURE 1. Rigiolepis argentii Mustaqim & Ardi. A. Living plant. B. Flowering branchlet. Photos by Wendy A. Mustaqim.
Data from: Temporal dynamics of free‐living nitrogen fixation in the switchgrass rhizosphere
<p>Here we present data associated with the manuscript, <em>Temporal dyanmics of free-living nitrogen fixation in the switchgrass rhizosphere. </em>Free-living nitrogen fixation (FLNF) represents an important terrestrial N source and is gaining interest for its potential to contribute plant available N to bioenergy cropping systems. Switchgrass, a cellulosic bioenergy crop, may be reliant on FLNF when particularly when grown on low N marginal lands. These potential contributions of FLNF to switchgrass and the controls on this process are not well understood. We evaluated drivers of FLNF rates and N-fixing microbial community composition in field-grown switchgrass systems over two years with high temporal sampling. We found climate variables to be strong drivers of FLNF in switchgrass systems, compared to other environmental and biological factors including soil nutrients and N-fixing microbial community composition. Increased soil moisture availability tended to promote FLNF, but extreme rainfall events appeared to be detrimental. These climate-related responses suggest FLNF-derived N contributions may be reduced under projected climate shifts. We also found a significant, but weak correlation between N-fixing microbial community composition and FLNF rates including an observed shift in community composition between 2017 and 2018 and a similarly significant difference in FLNF rates between years. Lastly, we found that seasonal FLNF N contributions, based on measurement with high temporal resolution, may meet up to 80% of switchgrass N demands.</p>
Data from: Living, dead, and absent trees - How do moth outbreaks shape small-scale patterns of soil organic matter stocks and dynamics at the Subarctic mountain birch treeline?
<p>Mountain birch forests (<i>B. pubescens</i> Ehrh. ssp. <i>czerepanovii</i>) at the subarctic treeline not only benefit from global warming, but are also increasingly affected by caterpillar outbreaks from foliage-feeding geometrid moths. Both of these factors have unknown consequences on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and biogeochemical cycles. We measured SOC stocks down to the bedrock under living trees and under two stages of dead trees (12 and 55 years since moth outbreak) and treeless tundra in northern Finland. We also measured in-situ soil respiration, potential SOC decomposability, biological (enzyme activities, microbial biomass), and chemical (N, mineral N, pH) soil properties. SOC stocks were significantly higher under living trees (4.1±2.1 kg m²) than in the treeless tundra (2.4±0.6 kg m²), and remained at an elevated level even 12 (3.7±1.7 kg m²) and 55 years (4.9±3.0 kg m²) after tree death. Effects of tree status on SOC stocks decreased with increasing distance from the tree and with increasing depth, i.e. a significant effect of tree status was found in the organic layer, but not in mineral soil. Soil under living trees was characterized by higher mineral N contents, microbial biomass, microbial activity, and soil respiration compared with the treeless tundra; soils under dead trees were intermediate between these two. The results suggest accelerated organic matter turnover under living trees but a positive net effect on SOC stocks. Slowed organic matter turnover and continuous supply of deadwood may explain why SOC stocks remained elevated under dead trees, despite the heavy decrease in aboveground C stocks. We conclude that the increased occurrence of moth damage with climate change would have minor effects on SOC stocks, but ultimately decrease ecosystem C stocks (49% within 55 years in this area), if the mountain birch forests will not be able to recover from the outbreaks.</p>
Genomic analysis finds no evidence of canonical eukaryotic DNA processing complexes in a free-living protist
<p>Cells replicate and segregate their DNA with precision. Previous studies showed that these regulated cell-cycle processes were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor and that their core molecular parts are conserved across eukaryotes. However, some metamonad parasites have secondarily lost components of the DNA processing and segregation apparatuses. To clarify the evolutionary history of these systems in these unusual eukaryotes, we<span> generated a genome assembly for the free-living metamonad <i>Carpediemonas membranifera</i> and</span> carried out a comparative genomics analysis. Here, we show that parasitic and free-living metamonads harbor an incomplete set of proteins for processing and segregating DNA. Unexpectedly, <i>Carpediemonas </i>species are further streamlined, lacking the origin recognition complex, Cdc6 and most structural kinetochore subunits. <i>Carpediemonas</i> species are thus the first known eukaryotes that appear to lack this suite of conserved complexes, suggesting that they likely rely on yet-to-be-discovered or alternative mechanisms to carry out these fundamental processes.</p>
FIGURES 1–3. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, live specimens. 1 in Revision of Gypogyna Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, live specimens. 1 male from Oberá (Argentina), dorsal view; 2 same, with chelicerae open wide; 3 female from Belém (Brazil), dorsal view. Photos 1–2: G.D. Rubio; 3: C.A.C. Favacho.
FIGURE 1. Amazonia brachiata. A, B. Living leaves infected with Amazonia brachiata. C in A new species of Amazonia (black mildews) on Ixora brachiata from Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 1. Amazonia brachiata. A, B. Living leaves infected with Amazonia brachiata. C. Microphotograph of colony. D. Pattern of mycelial branching. E. Mycelium with alternately arranged appressoria. F. Phialides. G. Mature perithecium. F. Germinating ascospore.
FIGURES 108–113. Living spider photos. 108–110 in New euophryine jumping spiders from Southeast Asia and Africa (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)
FIGURES 108–113. Living spider photos. 108–110 Parabathippus cuspidatus sp. nov.: 108–109 male; 110 female. 111–113 Parabathippus magnus sp. nov.: 111–112 male; 113 female. Figures 108–113 are copyright © 2012 W. P. Maddison, released under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license.
FIGURES 102–107. Living spider photos. 102–103 in New euophryine jumping spiders from Southeast Asia and Africa (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)
FIGURES 102–107. Living spider photos. 102–103 Emathis gombak sp. nov.: 102 male; 103 female. 104–105 Laufeia concava sp. nov.: 104 male; 105 female. 106 male of Colyttus robustus sp. nov.. 107 male of Thiania latibola sp. nov.. Figures 102–107 are copyright © 2012 W. P. Maddison, released under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC–BY) 3.0 license.
FIGURE 10 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages
FIGURE 10. Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Carapace, male, ventral view (scale bar = 1 mm); B, Pedipalp, male (scale bar = 200 µm); C, Chelicera, male (scale bar = 100 µm); D, Claws of pedipalp, male (scale bar = 200 µm).
FIGURE 9 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages
FIGURE 9. Leg III of male of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Prolateral view (scale bar = 500 µm); B, Detail of basitarsal process, prolateral view (scale bar = 200 µm); C, Copulatory apparatus, prolateral view (scale bar = 200 µm).
FIGURE 7 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages
FIGURE 7. Integumental structures on legs of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Microtrichia (Mic) on coxa II, female (scale bar = 20 µm); B, Microtrichia (Mic) on basitarsus II, female (scale bar = 5 µm); C, Tree-like setae (TS) on margin of endites, female (scale bar = 200 µm); D, Long pointed-tip setae (PS) on cucullus, female (scale bar = 50 µm); E, Sculptured surface tubercles (ScT) and long pointed-tip setae (PS) on tibia III, protonymph (scale bar = 50 µm); F, Sculptured surface tubercle (ScT) on tibia IV, female (scale bar = 10 µm); G, Small dome-like tubercles (SD) on dorsum of opisthosoma, female (scale bar = 50 µm); H, Iridescent tubercles (IT) on trochanter II, protonymph (scale bar = 20 µm).
FIGURE 4 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages
FIGURE 4. Female of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Carapace, dorsal view (scale bar = 1 mm); B, Cucullus, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.2 mm); C, Pygidium, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); D, Abdomen, dorsal view (scale bar = 1 mm); E, Spermathecae, dissected (scale bar = 0.2 mm).
FIGURE 5 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages
FIGURE 5. Immature stages of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, larva dorsal view; B, larva, ventral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); C, protonymph, dorsal view; D, protonymph, ventral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); E, deutonymph, dorsal view; F, deutonymph, ventral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); G, tritonymph, dorsal view; H, tritonymph ventral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); I, cucullus of larva, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.2 mm); J, cucullus of protonymph, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); K, cucullus of deutonymph, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); L, cucullus of tritonymph, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.