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Figure 3 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 3. Associations between tarantulas and anurans, continued. A. Aphonopelma armada and Gastrophryne olivacea, Austin, Texas, USA. B, C. Aphonopelma hentzi and Gastrophryne olivacea (marked with an arrow), Bandera County, Texas, USA. D. Aphonopelma hentzi and Gastrophryne olivacea, Bexar County, Texas. Photo credits: Kenneth Bader (A), Alec Gaudiesus (B), Alejandro Santillana (C), and Josh Benavidez (D).

Figure 10 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 10. Egg sacs of theraphosids, heavily covered in protective urticating setae. A, B. Intact and opened egg sac of Megaphobema velvetosoma, Loreto, Peru. C. Female Tekoapora wacketi (MelloLeitão, 1923) with her egg sac, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B) and Ivan Sazima (C).

Figure 5 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 5. Associations between tarantulas and anurans, continued. A. Pamphobeteus sp., juveniles eating a tree-frog at maternal burrow entrance with Chiasmocleis royi untouched, Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. B. Pamphobeteus sp., late instars living with Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata in maternal burrow entrance, Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru. C. Acanthoscurria sp. and Chiasmocleis albopunctata (marked with an arrow), Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. D. Pamphobeteus sp. and Chiasmocleis royi, Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. Photo credits: Francesco Tomasinelli and Emanuele Biggi (A, D), Reginald Cocroft (B), and Platon Yushchenko (C).

Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders, Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same, spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E).

Figure 11. Leg IV in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 11. Leg IV (prolateral view) of a female Nhandu tripepii (Dresco, 1984) from Belém, Pará, Brazil. Photo credit: Rick C. West.

Figure 1 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of reported cases of associations between tarantulas and anurans. Red dots: literature records; yellow dots: new records.

Table 3 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Table 3. (Continued).<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>R.C. West, W.W. Lamar</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Phlogiellus longipalpus</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang et al.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang et al., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th>Phlogiellus sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Khao Pu–Khao Ya National Park, Si Banphot District,</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Phatthalung, Thailand</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Plesiophrictus sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Anoplolepis gracilipes F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[11]</td></tr><tr><th>Plesiophrictus sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Anoplolepis gracilipes F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Stichoplastoris cf. obelix (Valerio, 1980) Theraphosinae</th><td>Labidus coecus (Latreille, 1802)</td><td>Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa</td><td>Lapinski (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td>(Figure 7C, D)</td></tr><tr><th>Tapinauchenius cupreus Schmidt and</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Bauer, 1996</th><td></td><td>Pseudomyrex (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7B)</td></tr><tr><th>Tapinauchenius plumipes (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Bolívar, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1842)</th></tr><tr><th>Tapinauchenius sp.</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>Hirschi (1991)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Blattodea: Isoptera</th></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria gomesiana Mello-</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Paulo, Brazil</td><td>Macedo et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Leitão, 1923</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Acanthoscurria paulensis Mello-Leitão, Theraphosinae</th><td>Armitermes sp. (Nasutitermitidae)</td><td>Federal District, Brazil</td><td>Lourenço (1978)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1923</th></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832)</td><td>Emas National Park, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil</td><td>Costa et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923 Aviculariinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru</td><td>[13] (Figure 8A)</td></tr><tr><th>Brachionopus sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Trinervitermes sp. (Termitidae)</td><td>Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng</td><td>[14] (Figure 8F)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Province, South Africa</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Harpactira marksi Purcell, 1902</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Paarl, Western Cape, South Africa</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th>Nhandu coloratovillosus (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil</td><td>[16] (Figure 8C)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1998)</th></tr><tr><th>Nhandu coloratovillosus (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil</td><td>D. Fenolio (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1998)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8D)</td></tr><tr><th>Nesiergus insulanus Simon, 1903</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Kalotermitidae</td><td>Frégate Island, Seychelles</td><td>Canning et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 9A–F)</td></tr><tr><th>Phlogiellus longipalpus</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang et al.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang et al., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock, 1895 Psalmopoeinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>West Indies</td><td>S. Crews (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8E)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 3. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]<table><thead><tr><th colspan="5">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Squamata: Serpentes</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Rena dulcis Baird and Girard, 1853</td><td colspan="2">Emma Long Metropolitan Park, Travis County, Austin, [1]</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>(Leptotyphlopidae)</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Brachypelma boehmei Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Sonora michoacanensis (Duges, 1884)</td><td>Guerrero State, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Klaas, 1993</th><td></td><td>(Colubridae)</td><td></td><td>(Figure 6F)</td></tr><tr><th>Phoneyusa sp.</th><td>Eumenophorinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Banalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Amblypygi</th></tr><tr><th>Megaphobema velvetosoma Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Parque Nacional Yasuní, Ecuador</td><td>[3] (Figure 6B)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th>Phormictopus cautus (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba</td><td>[4] (Figure 6D)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Panamá Oeste, Panama</td><td>[5] (Figure 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock, 1894)</td><td>Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[6] (Figure 6C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Phrynidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosa blondi (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Tliltocatl vagans (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Belmopan, Belize</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Opiliones</th></tr><tr><th>Brachypelma klaasi (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>El Tuito, Jalisco, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Krause, 1994)</th></tr><tr><th>Hapalotremus vilcanota Ferretti et al.,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">2018</th></tr><tr><th>Hapalotremus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Ischnocolinae (undescribed)</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phalangiidae)</td><td>Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[8] (Figure 6E)</td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosa blondi (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria geniculata (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Solenopsis (?) sp.</td><td>Pará State, Brazil</td><td>R. Bertani (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1841)</th></tr><tr><th>Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td>Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Boliva, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td>Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Pseudomyrex (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>Megaphobema velvetosoma Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Eciton burchellii Westwood, 1842</td><td>Río Nanay, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th>Poecilotheria rufilata Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td>Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, 1775</td><td>Pulliyil, Kerala, India</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Psalmopoeus pulcher Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>San José Island, Panama</td><td>Cifuentes and Bertani</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2022)</td></tr><tr><th>Psalmopoeus pulcher Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855)</td><td>Cocobolo National Reserve, Panama</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Umbyquyra gurleyi Sherwood and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Goiás Parque Nacional Das Emas, nr. Mineiros, Brazil</td><td>Sherwood and Gabriel</td></tr><tr><th>Gabriel, 2020</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2020)</td></tr><tr><th>Vitalius dubius (Mello-Leitão, 1923)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São</td><td>I. Sazima (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Paulo, Brazil</td><td>(Figure 8B)</td></tr><tr><th>Unidentified</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>6 km E of Duri-Kandis, Sumatra, Indonesia</td><td>Hood et al. (2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24310668, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112637602, [3] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183754892, [4] https://www.ina turalist.org/observations/20270936, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17577628, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30022408, [7] https://www.inaturalist.org/observa tions/120033087, [8] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201566087, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1113324, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192056961, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195352827, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195657003, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132441110, [14] https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/198061382, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213491484, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183223392, [17] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/6736913.

Table 1. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Table 1. A list of mutualistic associations between theraphosids and anurans reported in the literature.<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Leptodactylus bufonius Boulenger, 1894</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich,</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1936)</td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Waggoner County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Dundee (1999)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Redbud Nature Reserve, Rogers County,</td><td>Yeary (1979); Dundee et al.</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td>(2012)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tulsa County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Blair (1936)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Fort Worth, Texas, USA</td><td>Hunt (1980)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri,</td><td>Dundee et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td>1835)</td><td></td><td>Louisiana, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>South Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma,</td><td>Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td colspan="2">Twin Hills, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma seemanni (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Tamarindo, Guanacaste Province, Costa</td><td>Hooijer (2005) (Figure 2B)</td></tr><tr><th>Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td colspan="2">Cuitláhuac, Veracruz State and Temascal, Powell et al. (1984)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oaxaca State, Mexico</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Brachypelma auratum Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Craugastor occidentalis (Taylor, 1941)</td><td>Craugastoridae</td><td>Los Reyes, Michoacán State, Mexico</td><td>West (2005)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1992</th></tr><tr><th>Ceratogyrus darlingi Pocock, 1897</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Sclerophrys sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Ingwelala Reserve, Hoedspruit, South</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Africa</td><td>(2017) (Figure 4C)</td></tr><tr><th>Haploclastus kayi Gravely, 1915</th><td>Thrigmopoeinae</td><td>Microhyla sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th>Nhandu carapoensis</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Balneario Pinamar, Paraguarí</td><td>Bascoulès and Smith (2021)</td></tr><tr><th>Lucas, 1983***</th><td></td><td>1885)</td><td></td><td>Department, Paraguay</td><td>(Figure 2C)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Undet.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cerro Blanco, Guayaquil, Ecuador</td><td>Samadi (2009)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis royi Peloso et al., 2014</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de</td><td>von May et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Dios Region, Peru</td><td>(Figure 5A, D)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td colspan="2">Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata (Andersson, Microhylidae</td><td>Posada Amazonas Lodge, Tambopata,</td><td>Csakany (2003)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness

Table 1. (Continued).<table><thead><tr><th colspan="6">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td colspan="2">Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata (Andersson,</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>Cocroft and Hambler (1989)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td>(Figures 2F, 5B)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Hamptophryne boliviana (Parker, 1927)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bolivia; Peru</td><td>Miller (2003)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus jamacoaque</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Jama, Manabí Province, Ecuador</td><td>Sherwood et al. (2023)</td></tr><tr><th>Peñaherrera-R. et al., 2023</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Poecilotheria fasciata (Latreille,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td>Uperodon taprobanicus (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Eluwankulama, Puttalam District, Sri</td><td>Karunarathna et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1804)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Lanka</td><td>(Figure 4E)</td></tr><tr><th>Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td>Uperodon taprobanicus (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Rameshwaran Island, Tamil Nadu State,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th>Smith, 2004</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th>Poecilotheria ornata Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td>Uperodon nagaoi (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th>Poecilotheria cf. subfusca Pocock,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td>Uperodon nagaoi (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th>1895</th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th>Pterinochilus sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Sclerophrys sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2017) (Figure 4B)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma rubronitens Ausserer,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>N of Panama City, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>1875</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Xalapa, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>Bokma (2006)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">2008)**</th></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>[1] (Figure 5C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Acanthoscurria chacoana Brèthes,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Poconé (Pantanal), Mato Grosso, Brazil</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th>1909</th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>McAllen, Texas, USA</td><td>N. Villareal (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, USA</td><td>[3] (Figure 2E)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>La Victoria, Starr County, Texas, USA</td><td>O. Lnskns (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mission, Hildalgo County, Texas, USA</td><td>[4]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma armada</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>St. Edwards Park, Austin, Travis County,</td><td>[5] (Figure 3A)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma armada</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>The Hills, Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[6]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma armada</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma cf. armada</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Burleson, Texas, USA</td><td>K. Myers (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 2A)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Texas, USA</td><td>A. Raciti (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Nowata County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>B. Molone (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne cf. olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Collin County, Texas, USA</td><td>W. Adams (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Double Helix Ranch, Pontotoc, Mason</td><td>[8] (Figure 2D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Heyburn Lake WMA, Creek County,</td><td>S. Ridgway (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bartlesville, Washington County, Oklahoma,</td><td>J. Cherry (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cedar Valley, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Hill Country State Natural Reserve, Bandera</td><td>[11] (Figure 3C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cherokee Wildlife Management Area,</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Muskogee County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Woodcreek, Hays County, Texas, USA</td><td>[13]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Helotes, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[14] (Figure 3D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sandy Sanders State Wildlife Management</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Area North, Beckham County, Oklahoma,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>15 km W of Blanco, Blanco County, Texas,</td><td>[16]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Dickson, Carter County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>10 km SE of Pipe Creek, Bandera County,</td><td>[18] (Figure 3B)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[19]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, USA</td><td>[20]</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Anaxyrus debilis (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Kenton, Cimarron County, Colorado, USA</td><td>[21]</td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma seemanni (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Incilius sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste</td><td>[22]</td></tr><tr><th>P-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cotulla, La Salle County, Texas, USA</td><td>[23]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>7 km SE of Granford, Parker County, Texas,</td><td>[24]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sun City, Williamson County, Texas, USA</td><td>[25]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Arkansas Bend Park, Lago Vista, Travis</td><td>[26]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[27]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Aphonopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Ruoso (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Brachypelma klaasi (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Hypopachus sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>S coast of Jalisco State, Mexico</td><td>R.O. Torres (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Krause, 1994)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Cymbiapophysa sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Pristimantis sp.</td><td>Strabomantidae</td><td>Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador</td><td>G.C. Romo (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Nhandu carapoensis Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>P. Yushchenko (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Nhandu carapoensis Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Trachycephalus cf. typhonius</td><td>Hylidae</td><td>Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, State of</td><td>[28]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Laurenti, 1768)</td><td></td><td>Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Orphnaecus sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Rhinella cf. marina (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Sison, Province of Pangasinan, Philippines</td><td>D.C. Acuña (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4D)</td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tambobata National Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>[29]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Amarakaeri Communal Reserve, Manú</td><td>W.W. Lamar (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Province, Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pamphobeteus sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los</td><td>N. Pedersen (pers.comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Tsáchilas Province, Ecuador</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Phormictopus atrichomatus</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Eleutherodactylus inoptatus</td><td>Eleutherodactylidae</td><td>Villa Mella, Santo Domingo, Dominican</td><td>A. Tosto (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Schmidt, 1991</th><td></td><td>(Barbour, 1914)</td><td></td><td>Republic</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Psalmopoeus reduncus (Karsch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Oophaga pumilio (Schmidt, 1857)</td><td>Dendrobatidae</td><td>La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de</td><td>[30]</td></tr><tr><th>1880)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Sarapiquí, Heredia Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Rancho Carge, Campana, Panamá Oeste</td><td>V. von Wirth (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Fé de Veraguas, Veraguas Province,</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Catalina, Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>A. Hooijer (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>nr. La Soledad, Veraguas, Panama</td><td>M. Hüsser (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4A)</td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sericopelma sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Sortová, Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>H. Forbes (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Coyocillo, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>E. Hijmensen (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>2008)</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Xenesthis intermedia Schiapelli and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>Gerschman, 1945</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Xenesthis sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Barichara, Santander Department, Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Xenesthis sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Guayabal de Síquima, Cundinamarca,</td><td>[31]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Colombia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Pleurodema thaul (Schneider, 1799)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Laguna Verde, Valparaíso, Chile</td><td>I. Ma (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Engystomops pustulosus (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Bosque del Rio Tigre, Golfito, Puntarenas</td><td>[32]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Manu National Park, Madre do Dios, Peru</td><td>[33]</td></tr></tbody></table>*Misidentified as Xenesthis immanis (Ausserer, 1875); **misidentified as Tliltocatl vagans (Ausserer, 1875); ***misidentified as Eupalaestrus campestratus (Simon, 1891).[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172411312, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125458764, [3] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10160781211613712, [4] https:// www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=411156599666996, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266251, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/209144699, [7] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/206501111, [8] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10153238906520170, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117511527, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/67928814, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2981542, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110802457, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ 151080, [14] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20414694, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69356138, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72305901, [17] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78145809, [18] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162334153, [19] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155826470, [20] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/16261103, [21] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163547664, [22] https://www.facebook.com/profile/100063464321508/search/?q =seemanni, [23] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112197934, [24] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203122573, [25] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47659937, [26] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/10620369, [27] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16617418, [28] https://www.flickr.com/photos/colms_photos/15447166140/, [29] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/516215, [30] https://fineartamerica.com/featured/tarantula-and-frog-gregory-g-dimijian-md.html, [31] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92328064, [32] https:// www.flickr.com/photos/birdernaturalist/8570818315, [33] https://www.flickr.com/photos/rainforests/4592123067/in/album-72157623917519157/.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Table 5 in Three new species of Spongiopsyllus Johnsson, 2000 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Entomolepididae) associated with Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Todos-os-Santos Bay, Northeastern Brazil

Table 5. Hosts of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899.<table><tbody><tr><th>Species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899</th><th>Hosts</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Entomolepis hamondi McKinnon, 1988</th><td>Tunicata Lamarck, 1816 (Chordata Dallas, 1875)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomolepis ovalis Brady, 1899</th><td>mud</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus adriae (Eiselt, 1959)</th><td>Aplysina aerophoba (Nardo, 1833) (Porifera Grant, 1836) Aplysina cavernicola (Vacelet, 1959) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus brevicaudatus Lee & Kim 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus nichollsi McKinnon, 1988</th><td>plankton (unknown)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus stocki Kim, 2004</th><td>Tubipora musica Linnaeus, 1758 (Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus takara Uyeno & Johnsson, 2018</th><td>Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766) (Cnidaria) Distichopora violacea (Pallas, 1766) (Cnidaria)</td></tr><tr><th>Lepeopsyllus ovalis Thompson & Scott, 1903</th><td>general invertebrates</td></tr><tr><th>Lepeopsyllus typicus Thompson & Scott, 1903</th><td>oyster washings (Mollusca Cuvier, 1797)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus dambayensis Lee & Kim, 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus leei Lee & Kim, 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus mannarensis Ummerkutty, 1960</th><td>sponges (Porifera) crinoids (Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791 [ex Klein, 1734])</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulella emarginata Stock, 1992</th><td>Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulodes verrucosa Wilson, 1944</th><td>Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulopsyllus iamarinoi Borges et al., 2021</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Neoparmulella periperiensis Farias et al., 2020</th><td>Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus adventicius Johnsson, 2000</th><td>Aplysina Nardo, 1834 (Porifera) Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Porifera) Monanchora Carter, 1883 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus aramisi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus athosi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus atypicus Canário et al., 2019</th><td>Aplysina insularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus intermedius Borges et al., 2021</th><td>Aplysina solangeae Pinheiro, Hajdu & Custódio, 2007 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus porthosi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Sp ongiopsyllus redactus Canario et al., 2012</th><td>Mussismilia hispida (Verrill, 1901) (Cnidaria)</td></tr></tbody></table>

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 4 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), leg 3; (b), leg 4; (c), leg 5; male (allotype: UFBA 3303). (d), urosome; (e), antennule. Scale bars: A–E = 50 µm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 3 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), oral cone, mandible and maxillule; (b), maxilla; (c), maxilliped; (d), leg 1, (e), leg 2. Scale bars: A–E = 50 µm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 2 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), body, dorsal view; (b), urosome; (c), antennule; (d), antenna. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B–D = 50 µm.

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Quantifying niche similarity among new world seed plants--Species Distribution Models (SDMs) & associated metadata

Niche shift and conservatism are often framed as mutually exclusive. However, both processes could contribute to biodiversity patterns. We tested this expectation by quantifying the degree of climatic niche similarity among New World seed plants. To incorporate the biological reality that species experience varied abiotic conditions across their range, we assembled distribution models and used these to characterize temperature, precipitation, and elevation niches for species as continuously-valued distributions. We then quantified niche similarity (distributional overlap) and identified statistically significant differences compared to a randomized null. The degree of niche similarity differed among climate variables, plant lineages, and at different phylogenetic scales. For example, ~17% of all seed plants were significantly different in elevational niche from their closest relative(s), whereas for precipitation, this value was only ~4%. Average niche similarity decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance, consistent with niche conservatism; however, variance in niche similarity among close relatives was large, such that there always existed niche differences equaling those among distantly related species. Our results suggest researchers should incorporate both niche shift and conservatism as important, scale-dependent factors shaping biodiversity patterns as these processes are not mutually exclusive, nor do they contribute equally to patterns among different plant lineages or niche variables.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

FIGURES 25–28 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 25–28. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 25. Male terminalia (dorsal). 26. Female tergite 8 and ovipositor. 27. Pupal head (frontal). 28. Pupal prothoracic spiracle.

FIGURES 29–31 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 29–31. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 29. Pupal terminal segments (dorsal). 30. Larval spatula and associated papillae. 31. Larval terminal segments.

FIGURES 16–21 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 16–21. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 16. Male head (frontal). 17. Female head (frontal). 18. Male antennal flagellomeres 912. 19. Female antennal flagellomeres 812. 20. Male antennal flagellomere 5. 21. Female antennal flagellomere 5.

FIGURES 22–24 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 22–24. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 22. Female midtarsal claw and empodium (lateral). 23. Male abdominal segment 5 to end (dorsolateral). 24. Female abdominal segment 6 to end (dorsolateral).

FIGURES 1–6 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 1–6. Asphondylia microcapillata sp. n. 1. Male head (frontal). 2. Female head (frontal). 3. Male antennal flagellomeres 912. 4. Male antennal flagellomere 5. 5. Female antennal flagellomere 5. 6. Female, midtarsal claw and empodium (lateral).