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12,799 results for “Immunization”
Data from: Widespread dysregulation of long non-coding genes associated with fatty acid metabolism, cell division, and immune response gene networks in xenobiotic-exposed rat liver
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Transformable nano-antibiotics for mechanotherapy and immune activation against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
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Supplemental tables for: A periventricular gradient of innate immune cell activation in Multiple Sclerosis
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Assessing the Immunization Information System and Electronic Health Record interface accuracy for COVID-19 vaccinations
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Maternal provisioning and fluctuating thermal regimes enhance immune response in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination
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DNA scaffolds enable efficient and tunable functionalization of biomaterials for immune cell modulation
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Dataset related to article "The Atypical Receptor CCRL2 Is Essential for Lung Cancer Immune Surveillance."
<p>CCRL2 is a nonsignaling seven-transmembrane domain receptor. CCRL2 binds chemerin, a protein that promotes chemotaxis of leukocytes, including macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, CCRL2 controls the inflammatory response in different pathologic settings, such as hypersensitivity, inflammatory arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we investigated the role of CCRL2 in the regulation of lung cancer-related inflammation. The genetic deletion of <em>Ccrl2</em> promoted tumor progression in urethane-induced and in <em>Kras</em> <sup>G12D/+</sup>/<em>p53</em> <sup>LoxP</sup> lung tumor mouse models. Similarly, a <em>Kras</em>-mutant lung tumor displayed enhanced growth in <em>Ccrl2</em>-deficient mice. This phenotype was associated with a reduced inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the impaired recruitment of several leukocyte populations including NK cells. Bone marrow chimeras showed that CCRL2 expression by the nonhematopoietic cell compartment was responsible for the increased tumor formation observed in <em>Kras</em>-mutant <em>Ccrl2</em>-deficient mice. In human and mouse lungs, CCRL2 was expressed by a fraction of CD31<sup>+</sup> endothelial cells, where it could control NK infiltration. Elevated CCRL2 expression in biopsies from human lung adenocarcinoma positively correlated with clinical outcome. These results provide evidence for a crucial role of CCRL2 in shaping an anti-lung tumor immune response.</p>
Evolution of an insect immune barrier through horizontal gene transfer mediated by a parasitic wasp
<p>Numerical data that underlies tables and graphs (figures 1-7, 9, 10; table 1) and statistics of the PLOS Genetics article from Di Lelio et al., 2019.</p>
Single cell and immune repertoire profiling of COVID-19 patients reveal novel therapeutic candidates
<p>COVID-19, a novel pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly become the largest threat to public health. Recent studies reported lymphocytopenia but also expansions of antigen-specific T/B cells during early-recovery stage. Here we investigated 16 early-recovery patients using scRNA-seq, HLA-genotyping and deep immune repertoire profling. Our analysis revealed 916 COVID-19-specific TCR groups enriched for a novel cytotoxic CD8+ phenotype with both resident memory (ZNF683+) and tissue exit (SIRP5) markers, and identified 114 statistically-confident virus epitopes. Further, we uncovered 374 BCR groups with somatic hypermutations and/or class switch recombinations. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed 15% of the highly expanded groups may serve as neutralizing antibodies against the virus Spike protein. Finally, we discovered that bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients may elevate monocytic myeloidderived suppressor cells via TLR4/NF!B signaling and cause disease aggravation. Together, we expect our findings and immune-receptor datasets to provide immediate therapeutic options against the pandemic of COVID-19.</p>
Enhancement of Bacillus thuringiensis toxicity by feeding Spodoptera littoralis larvae with bacteria expressing immune suppressive dsRNA
<p><strong>Figure 1C</strong></p> <p>Calibration curves used for qRT-PCR absolute quantification of <em>Sl 102</em> and <em>GFP</em> dsRNA present in <em>E. coli</em> suspensions used in the bioassays</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Figure 2</strong></p> <p>Transcript levels of <em>Sl 102</em> gene in <em>S. littoralis</em> 4th instar larvae orally treated for 3 days with dsRNA. The <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> gene was down-regulated upon ingestion of <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA administered by oral gavage, both in the case of dsRNA synthesized in vitro (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-synt) and suspensions of sonicated bacteria expressing <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-bac). Delivery with artificial diet showed a silencing response that was dose-dependent and more pronounced when bacteria were used as delivery vectors. <em>GFP</em> dsRNA synthesized in vitro and bacteria expressing <em>GFP</em> dsRNA were used in control experiments. The values reported are the mean ± standard errors (*<em>P </em>< 0.0001, Student’s <em>t</em> test)</p> <p><strong>Figure 3</strong></p> <p>Encapsulation assay in <em>S. littoralis</em> 4th larvae treated for 3 days with <em>Sl 102</em> dsRNA synthesized in vitro (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-synt) or transformed HT115 <em>E. coli</em> expressing <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-bac). Chromatography beads injected into the body cavity of control larvae were encapsulated and melanized (<strong>a</strong>). On the contrary, the efficiency of encapsulation was lower in silenced larvae, independently from the dsRNA administration method (gavage or with artificial diet) (<strong>b</strong>). The encapsulation index was affected by oral delivery method and, in the case of oral administration on artificial diet, by dsRNA quantity. <em>GFP</em> dsRNA synthesized in vitro and bacteria expressing <em>GFP</em> dsRNA were used in control experiments. The values reported are the mean ± standard errors (*<em>P </em>< 0.0001, Student’s <em>t</em> test)</p> <p><strong>Figure 4</strong></p> <p>Bioassay with <em>S. littoralis</em> 4th instar larvae exposed to dsRNA before <em>Bt</em> treatment. Newly molted larvae were treated for 3 days with artificial diet layered with transformed HT115 <em>E. coli</em> expressing <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-Bac, corresponding to 200 ng of dsRNA) and then with 12 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> of Xentari™ for 3 more days (see “<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10340-019-01140-6#Sec3">Materials and methods</a>” section for experimental details). Survival was monitored until day 8 (<strong>a</strong>), when the weight was assessed on the surviving experimental larvae (<strong>b</strong>). Bacteria expressing <em>GFP</em> dsRNA were used in control experiments. The timing of the treatments is indicated with arrows. The values reported are the mean ± standard errors (in <strong>a</strong> *<em>P </em>< 0.0001 based on log-rank test; in <strong>b</strong> different letters denote statistical difference based on Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparison post hoc test)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig. 5</strong></p> <p>Bioassay with <em>S. littoralis</em> 4th instar larvae simultaneously exposed to dsRNA and <em>Bt</em>. Newly molted larvae were treated for 3 days with artificial diet layered with transformed HT115 <em>E. coli</em> expressing <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-Bac, corresponding to 200 ng of dsRNA) and with 9 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> of Xentari (see “<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10340-019-01140-6#Sec3">Materials and methods</a>” section for experimental details). Survival was monitored until day 8 (<strong>a</strong>) when the weight was assessed on the surviving experimental larvae (<strong>b</strong>). Bacteria expressing <em>GFP</em> dsRNA were used in control experiments. The timing of the treatments is indicated by arrows The values reported are the mean ± standard errors (in <strong>a</strong> **<em>P </em>< 0.0001 and *<em>P </em>< 0.0046 based on log-rank test; in <strong>b</strong> different letters denote statistical difference based on Kruskal–Wallis, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons post hoc test)</p> <p><strong>Fig. 6</strong></p> <p>Bioassays with <em>S. littoralis</em> 5th instar larvae simultaneously exposed to dsRNA and <em>Bt</em>. Newly molted larvae were treated for 3 days with artificial diet layered with transformed HT115 <em>E. coli</em> expressing <em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA (<em>Sl</em> <em>102</em> dsRNA-Bac, corresponding to 200 ng of dsRNA) and with 12 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> of Xentari (see “<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10340-019-01140-6#Sec3">Materials and methods</a>” section for experimental details). Survival was monitored until day 8 (<strong>a</strong>), when the weight was assessed on the surviving experimental larvae (<strong>b</strong>). Bacteria expressing <em>GFP</em> dsRNA were used in control experiments. The timing of the treatments is indicated by arrows. The values reported are the mean ± standard errors (in <strong>a</strong> *<em>P </em>< 0.0001 based on log-rank test; in <strong>b</strong> different letters denote statistical difference based on Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparison post hoc test)</p> <p> </p>
Patterns of annual and seasonal immune investment in a temporal reproductive opportunist
<p> Historically, investigations of how organismal investments in immunity fluctuate in response to environmental and physiological changes have focused on seasonally breeding organisms that confine reproduction to seasons with relatively unchallenging environmental conditions and abundant resources. The red crossbill, <i>Loxia curvirostra,</i> is<i> </i>a songbird that can breed opportunistically if conifer seeds are abundant, on both short, cold, and long, warm days, providing an ideal system to investigate environmental and reproductive effects on immunity. In this study, we measured inter- and intra-annual variation in complement, natural antibodies, PIT54, and leukocytes in crossbills across four summers (2010-2013) and multiple seasons within one year (summer 2011-spring 2012). Overall, we observed substantial changes in crossbill immune investment among summers, with interannual variation driven largely by food resources, while variation across multiple seasons within a single cone year was less pronounced and lacked a dominant predictor of immune investment. However, we found weak evidence that physiological processes (e.g., reproductive condition, moult) or abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) affect immune investment. Collectively, this study suggests that a reproductively flexible organism may be able to invest in both reproduction and survival-related processes, potentially by exploiting rich patches with abundant resources. More broadly, these results emphasize the need for more longitudinal studies of trade-offs associated with immune investment.</p>
Data from: Immune checkpoint protein VSIG4 as a biomarker of aging in Murine adipose tissue
<p>Adipose tissue is recognized as a major source of systemic inflammation with age, driving age-related tissue dysfunction and pathogenesis. Macrophages (Mϕ) are central to these changes yet adipose tissue Mφ (ATMs) from aged mice remain poorly characterized. To identify biomarkers underlying changes in aged adipose tissue, we performed an unbiased RNA-seq analysis of ATMs from young (10-week old) and healthy aged (80-week old) mice. One of the genes identified, V-set immunoglobulin-domain-containing 4 (VSIG4/CRIg), encodes a Mφassociated complement receptor and B7 family-related immune checkpoint protein. Here, we demonstrate that Vsig4 expression is highly upregulated with age in perigonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) in two mouse strains (inbred C57BL/6J and outbred NIH Swiss) independent of gender. The accumulation of VSIG4 was mainly associated with a 4-fold increase in the proportion of VSIG4+ ATMs (13% to 52%). In a longitudinal study, VSIG4 expression in gWAT showed a strong correlation with age within a cohort of male and female mice and correlated strongly with physiological frailty index (PFI, a multi-parameter assessment of health) in male mice. Our results indicate that VSIG4 is a novel biomarker of aged murine ATMs. VSIG4 expression was also found to be elevated in other aging tissues (e.g., thymus), and was strongly induced in tumor-adjacent stroma in cases of spontaneous and xenograft lung cancer models. VSIG4 expression was recently associated with cancer and several inflammatory diseases with diagnostic and prognostic potential in both mice and humans. Further investigation is required to determine whether VSIG4-positive Mϕ contribute to immunosenescence and/or systemic age-related deficits.</p>
Integrative analyses of single-cell transcriptome and immune profiling reveal clonal expansion of T cells in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease
<p>An increasing number of studies has indicated that the immune system plays important roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. However, little is known about the contribution of adaptive immune responses in Parkinson's disease. Here, we performed comprehensive integrative analyses of single-cell transcriptome and immune profiling of the blood of 8 Parkinson's patients and 13 healthy controls as well as the cerebrospinal fluid of 6 Parkinson's patients, 4 Alzheimer's patients, 5 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 9 healthy controls. In total, 22 T cell subsets with distinct functions and clonalities were identified from 121,402 T cells. We observed significant clonal expansion of effector CD8+ T cells in Parkinson's patients, which formed a gradient of transcriptional states from central memory CD8+ T cells to early effector CD8+ T cells followed by terminal effector CD8+ T cells. Shared TCRs in this progression suggest TCRs may be involved in the state transition of CD8+ T cells stimulated by antigens. Notably, we also found that a group of clonally expanded cytotoxic CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in Parkinson's patients compared to controls, suggesting their cytotoxic roles in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we screened putative TCR-antigen pairs that existed in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. These results reveal an adaptive immune response in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease and provide novel evidence of clonal, antigen-experienced T cells patrolling in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease.</p>
Induction of Protective Immune Responses by OMVs-Based Nanovaccine Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Poultry
<p>Table S1. Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR in this study.</p>
Data from: Interactive effects of social environment, age and sex on immune responses in Drosophila melanogaster
Social environments have been shown to have multiple effects on individual immune responses. For example, increased social contact might signal greater infection risk and prompt a prophylactic upregulation of immunity. This differential investment of resources may in part explain why social environments affect ageing and lifespan. Our previous work using Drosophila melanogaster showed that single-sex social contact reduced lifespan for both sexes. Here, we assess how social interactions (isolation or contact) affect susceptibility to infection, phagocytotic activity and expression of a subset of immune and stress related genes in young and old flies of both sexes. Social contact had a neutral, or even improved, effect on post-infection lifespan in older flies and reduced the expression of stress response genes in females, however it reduced phagocytotic activity. Together, these findings indicate that social contact in D. melanogaster does not have a predictable impact on immune responses and does not simply trade-off immune investment with lifespan.
A salivary chitinase of Varroa destructor influences host immunity and mite's survival
<p>This dataset represents raw data underlying the findings (and the figures) reported in the manuscript "<strong>A salivary chitinase of <em>Varroa destructor</em> influences host immunity and mite’s survival</strong>".</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 2A.</strong> <strong>Salivary gland expression of putative host regulation factors present found in the predicted secretome of <em>Varroa destructor</em>.</strong> (A)<strong> </strong>Relative expression data of 3 selected candidates are presented as mean fold changes of 3-4 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted of a pool of 5-10 mites and comprised , from which the RNA was extracted from,two samples: salivary glands (SG), and from the rest of the whole body, deprived of salivary glands (Whole Body – SG). Values on Y-axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard error of the meandeviation (SD). Statistically significant differences are denoted with an asterisk (P < 0.005).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 4.</strong> <strong>Survival of <em>Varroa. destructor</em> as affected by RNAi-mediated silencing of the gene encoding VdCHIsal. </strong>(A) Relative expression of <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> after mite soaking in a dsRNA solution. qRT-PCR data are presented as mean fold changes of 2-67 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted in a pool of 2-3 mites. Each time point was separately analyzed and the 0.9% NaCl 0.9% control sample was used as calibrator. Mean dCt values within each time point were compared by Student’s t-testone-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values denoted with asterisks are significantly different (*p<0.05; ** p<0.01). (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mites soaked in a solution of dsRNA targeting <em>Vd-CHIsal</em>. Saline controls (0.9% NaCl), GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (blue rhombus, green circles and orange squares, respectively) were individually maintained on the same host pupa throughout the whole duration of the assayP. Subjects at risk were 18, 30 and 45 for 0.9% NaCl, GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA treatments, respectively. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from dsGFP (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 6.086; P=0.0136) and from NaCl 0.9 (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>=6.611; P=0.0101), while no difference was observed between dsGFP and NaCl 0.9% (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 0.46; P=0.49). Statistical significance was set at 0.016 (Bonferroni correction). aIn a separateconcurrent set of trials, host pupae were replaced every 24 h for both saline controls (0.9% NaCl) and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (violet down-pointing and red up-pointing triangles, respectively). Subjects at risk were 29 and 22 for 0.9% NaCl and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA, respectively. Host pupae were maintained throughout the feeding or replaced every 24 h. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 18.21; P<0.0001), Statistical significance was set at 0.05.Statistical details are in the text. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 5.</strong> <strong>Differentially expressed genes in honey bee pupae artificially infested with mites delivering saliva with the full repertoire of proteins or lacking Vd-CHIsal.</strong> (A) Differential expression of 13 honey bee genes, as affected by presence of Vd-CHIsal in the saliva (KD/WS). DESeq2 adjusted <em>P</em> was < 0.05 and FDR was set at 5%. Log transformed mean FPKM values are reported on Y axis. For each Each group representsexperimental condition 3 individually analyzedseparate pupae were analyzed. Error bars represent SEMSD. Summary tables data sheets of differential expression analysis are presented in S2 and S3 Tables. (B) Relative expression of immune-related genes in honey bee pupae as affected by <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> expression in <em>Varroa destructor</em> infesting mites. Each groupmean value representsis obtained on 7-10 individually analyzed pupae, individually analyzed. Results of qRT-PCR are presented as mean fold changes relative to non-infested pupae used as calibrator. Values on Y axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post-hoc test, and values statistically different are denoted with different letters (P<0.05). Detailed resultsDetails of statistical analyses are presented in S4 Table. NP: non-parasitized controls; WS: pupae infested with mites soaked in saline solution; KD: pupae infested with mites soaked in a solution of <em>dsRNA </em><em>Vd-CHIsal</em> dsRNA dsRNA solution.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>S1 File. </strong>Table resulting from Trinotate in-house annotation of the putatively secreted components of<em> Varroa destructor </em>predicted proteome. The annotation was performed following the protocol described in Materials and Methods section. Content of columns is hereafter described. A: GenBank accession number of the original transcript of <em>V. destructor</em>; B: GenBank accession number of the matching protein in <em>V. destructor</em>; C: ID name assigned by Transdecoder software; D: coordinates of the translation; E: top BLASTp hits in Swiss-Prot db; F: top BLASTp hits in the database of Hymenoptera venom; G: top BLASTp hits in the database of Acarina saliva; H: Pfam hits; I,: SignalP results indicating the presence of the signal peptide; J: TMHMM results indicating the presence of transmembrane domains; K: eggnog db hits; L: Kegg db hits; M: gene ontology retrieved from BLASTp; N: gene ontology retrieved from Pfam.</p>
Preparatory immunity: Seasonality of mucosal skin defenses and Batrachochytrium infections in Southern leopard frogs
<ol> <li>Accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on wildlife health requires a deeper understanding of seasonal rhythms in host–pathogen interactions. The amphibian pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), exhibits seasonality in incidence; however, the role that biological rhythms in host defences play in defining this pattern remains largely unknown.</li> <li>The aim of this study was to examine whether host immune and microbiome defences against <em>Bd</em> correspond with infection risk and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity.</li> <li>Over the course of a year, five populations of Southern leopard frogs (<em>Rana</em> [<em>Lithobates</em>] <em>sphenocephala</em>) in Tennessee, United States, were surveyed for host immunity, microbiome and pathogen dynamics. Frogs were swabbed for pathogen load and skin bacterial diversity and stimulated to release stored antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Secretions were analysed to estimate total hydrophobic peptide concentrations, presence of known AMPs and effectiveness of <em>Bd</em> growth inhibition in vitro. The diversity and proportion of bacterial reads with a 99% match to sequences of isolates known to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth in vitro were used as an estimate of predicted anti‐<em>Bd</em> function of the skin microbiome.</li> <li> <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> dynamics followed the expected seasonal fluctuations—peaks in cooler months—which coincided with when host mucosal defences were most potent against <em>Bd</em>. Specifically, the concentration and expression of stored AMPs cycled synchronously with <em>Bd</em> dynamics. Although microbiome changes followed more linear trends over time, the proportion of bacteria that can function to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth was greatest when risk of <em>Bd</em> infection was highest.</li> <li>We interpret the increase in peptide storage in the fall and the shift to a more anti‐<em>Bd</em> microbiome over winter as a preparatory response for subsequent infection risk during the colder periods when AMP synthesis and bacterial growth is slow and pathogen pressure from this cool‐adapted fungus is high. Given that a decrease in stored AMP concentrations as temperatures warm in spring likely means greater secretion rates, the subsequent decrease in prevalence suggests seasonality of <em>Bd</em> in this host may be in part regulated by annual immune rhythms, and dominated by the effects of temperature.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Disentangling interactions among mercury, immunity, and infection in a Neotropical bat community
<ol> <li>Contaminants such as mercury are pervasive and can have immunosuppressive effects on wildlife. Impaired immunity could be important for forecasting pathogen spillover risks, as many land-use changes that generate mercury contamination also bring wildlife into close contact with humans and domestic animals. However, the interactions among contaminants, immunity, and infection are difficult to study in natural systems, and empirical tests of possible directional relationships remain rare.</li> <li>We capitalized on extreme mercury variation in a diverse bat community in Belize to test association among contaminants, immunity, and infection. By comparing a previous dataset of bats sampled in 2014 with new data from 2017, representing a period of rapid agricultural land conversion, we first confirmed bat species more reliant on aquatic prey had higher fur mercury. Bats in the agricultural habitat also had higher mercury in recent years. We then tested covariation between mercury and cellular immunity and determined if such relationships mediated associations between mercury and common bacterial pathogens . As bat ecology can dictate exposure to mercury and pathogens, we also assessed species-specific patterns in mercury–infection relationships.</li> <li>Across the bat community, individuals with higher mercury had fewer neutrophils but not lymphocytes, suggesting stronger associations with innate immunity. However, the odds of infection for hemoplasmas and <i>Bartonella </i>spp. were generally lowest in bats with high mercury, and relationships between mercury and immunity did not mediate infection patterns. Mercury also showed species- and clade-specific relationships with infection, being associated with especially low odds for hemoplasmas in <i>Pteronotus mesoamericanus </i>and <i>Dermanura phaeotis</i>. For <i>Bartonella </i>spp., mercury was associated with particularly low odds in the genus <i>Pteronotus</i> but high odds in the Stenodermatinae.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and application</i>: Lower general infection risk in bats with high mercury despite weaker innate defense suggests contaminant-driven loss of pathogen habitat (i.e., anemia) or vector mortality as possible causes. Greater attention to these potential pathways could help disentangle relationships among contaminants, immunity, and infection in anthropogenic habitats and help forecast disease risks. Our results also suggest contaminants may increase infection risk in some taxa but not others, emphasizing the importance of considering surveillance and management at different phylogenetic scales.</li> </ol>
Increased immune marker variance in a population of invasive birds
<p>Immunity and parasites have been linked to the success of invasive species. Especially lower parasite burden in invasive populations has been suggested to enable a general downregulation of immune investment (Enemy Release and Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypotheses). Simultaneously, keeping high immune competence towards potentially newly acquired parasites in the invasive range is essential to allow population growth. To investigate the variation of immune effectors of invasive species, we compared the mean and variance of multiple immune effectors in the context of parasite prevalence in an invasive and a native Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) population. Three of ten immune effectors measured showed higher variance in the invasive population. Mean levels were higher in the invasive population for three effectors but lower for eosinophil granulocytes. Parasite prevalence depended on the parasite taxa investigated. We suggest that variation of specific immune effectors, which may be important for invasion success, may lead to higher variance and enable invasive species to reduce the overall physiological cost of immunity while maintaining the ability to efficiently defend against novel parasites encountered.</p>
Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens
<p>Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within-host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. Whilst multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defenses of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different-species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success, whilst simultaneously increasing co-sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community-level. Mathematical modeling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast-germinating, thus less grooming-sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host- and population-level.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.