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Figure 1 in Potential seed dispersal of cumbaru (Dipteryx alata) by fruit-eating bats (Artibeus sp.) in a Brazilian urban context
Figure 1: Location of the bat roost (yellow point) monitored, in the urban area (blue circle) of the municipality of Cáceres, Central-Southern region of Mato Grosso state, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Potential seed dispersal of cumbaru (Dipteryx alata) by fruit-eating bats (Artibeus sp.) in a Brazilian urban context
Figure 2: Potential seed dispersal of Dipteryx alata by Artibeus sp. (A) Cerrado riparian forest located in an urban area of the municipality of Cáceres,Mato Grosso (Brazil) where potentially cumbaru tree (D. alata) is present, (B) roosting site used by two individuals of Artibeus sp. monitored for 21 consecutive days to quantify cumbaru frugivory and seed dispersal (C and D).
Figure 2 in Opossums cleaning our cities: consumption of rodent carcasses in an urban reserve
Figure 2: Schematics of the trophic interactions around a rodent carcass (percentages indicate the proportion of consumed carcasses). Note that flies are consumed by lizards (as adults) and by possums and ringtails (as eggs and larvae); however, there is no consumption of ants by any animal in this net.
Figure 1 in Opossums cleaning our cities: consumption of rodent carcasses in an urban reserve
Figure 1: Location of the sampling points. Points of the same color represent simultaneously active camera traps.Note that the reserve is surrounded by urban areas.
Code for [Urban food delivery services as extreme-heat adaptation]
<p>This repository contains the code to reproduce all figures in our paper "Urban food delivery services as extreme-heat adaptation".</p>
Urban Vegetation Carbon Sink Response to Urbanization Depends on Urban Expansion Rate
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The formation process, mechanism, and attribution of urban impervious surface thermal runoff
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Datasets of paper "Improving the performance of a reduced-order mass-consistent model for urban environments and complex terrain with a higher-order geometrical representation"
<p>These are the datasets, processing scripts, and plots that are used in the paper titled "Improving the performance of a reduced-order mass-consistent model for urban environments and complex terrain with a higher-order geometrical representation" submitted to the JAMES.</p>
Urban pluvial flood maps under different green cover scenarios
<p>This dataset provides pluvial flood water depth maps for the cities of Logroño, Spain; Gdynia, Poland; Milan Italy; and Athens Greece as a part of the REACHOUT project. The maps are generated using a Pluvial Flood Tool for different return periods estimated based on observations and EURO-CORDEX future climate change scenarios (Logroño only) under different nature-based green cover scenarios, depending on the city.</p> <p>Technical Info</p> <p>The pluvial flood hazard maps are generated for each event using rainfall intensity as input for the hydrostatic inundation model SaferRAIN (Samela et al., 2020). This is a simplified raster-based model based on a hierarchical filling and spilling algorithm, identifying inundated areas on the basis of high-resolution digital elevation model. It accounts for spatially distributed rainfall input and infiltration, building upon the pixel-based Green-Ampt model (Green and Ampt, 1911). It is suitable for applications over large urban areas.</p> <p>Rainfall input for the pluvial flood model is computed for return periods (RPs) of 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-years based on the historical rainfall data. Different datasets have been utilized in various cities to tailor the analysis to their specific needs. More specifically:</p> <ul> <li> <p>In the city of Gdynia, historical local station data (Climate data IMGW 1960-2021: https://danepubliczne.imgw.pl/) are used to estimate RPs and assess different precipitation events. </p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>For the cities of Milan and Athens, 2.2-km ERA5 downscaled data are employed to assess historical precipitation events under different RPs (Essenfelder et al., 2021). </p> </li> <li> <p>In the city of Logroño, historical local station data (SOS-Logroño precipitation data 1999-2022: https://www.larioja.org/emergencias-112/es/meteorologia/datos-actuales-rioja/detalle-estacion?homepage=9&cod_muni=89) are used to estimate RPs and assess different precipitation events. Additionally, here, future climate change projections have been analyzed. These projections are based on the precipitation Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves computed from the EURO-CORDEX data (REF to zenodo dataset, Pal J et al., 2024). Observations are then scaled according to the changes simulated between future and historical scenarios, using the median and 90th percentile values estimated from the EURO-CORDEX ensemble.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Different urban green cover maps are used as input for the model to simulate the pluvial flood maps under the current land cover conditions and for different nature-based adaptation scenarios for each city to estimate their benefits. Nature-based adaptation scenarios are the result of codesign processes carried out within REACHOUT, involving local stakeholders, experts and representatives of local administrations. Urban green cover scenarios were identified based on areas that could be converted from built-up areas and concrete surfaces (no water infiltration) to green areas allowing for rainwater infiltration. In addition, during this process, local station precipitation, high-resolution digital elevation model and high-resolution land cover data were collected to configure and run the pluvial flood model.</p> <p>Description of the datase: This dataset contains urban pluvial flood maps for return periods of 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-years for hourly and 15-minute events for different urban green cover scenarios and climate change scenarios depending on the city.</p> <p>Format:</p> <p>The format of this dataset is organized in a ZIP file: PluvialFloodMap_{Cityname}.zip. The zip file is organised into sub-folders, one for each urban green cover scenario, including raster (Tiff) files for the rainfall event associated with each return period.</p> <p>Logrono:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Precipitation events historical: 15-minute events – 9.79 mm (RP2), 13.51mm (RP5), 16.27 mm (RP10), 20.15 mm (RP25), 23.33 mm (RP50), 26.77 mm (RP100), 30.50 mm (RP200)</p> </li> <li> <p>Precipitation events climate change: 15-minute events – CC_Q50 (median): 10.49 mm (RP2), 14.91 mm (RP5), 18.32 mm (RP10), 23.18 mm (RP25), 26.61 mm (RP50), 31.25 mm (RP100), 35.40 mm (RP200): CC_Q90 (90th percentile): 11.83 mm (RP2), 16.76 mm (RP5), 20.96 mm (RP10), 26.87 mm (RP25), 32.27 mm (RP50), 38.99 mm (RP100), 46.65 mm (RP200)</p> </li> <li> <p>Baseline: current green cover</p> </li> <li> <p>NBS planned: baseline + additional 4 bioswales/ponds (= 29,850 m3) and a green corridor (5.3 km x 5 m) in the southern part of the city.</p> </li> <li> <p>NBS planned plus: NBS planned scenarios + additional small ponds/rain gardens (depth 0.5 m, 13,500 m3)</p> </li> <li> <p>All Green: baseline + all open spaces converted to green</p> </li> </ul> <p>Milan</p> <ul> <li> <p>Precipitation events historical: 1-hour events – 33.36 mm (RP5), 38.52 mm (RP10), 45.04 mm (RP25), 49.88 mm (RP50), 54.68 mm (RP100)</p> </li> <li> <p>Baseline: current green cover</p> </li> <li> <p>DMG_Green Buildings*: baseline + establishment of new green roofs, defined to prioritise economic damage reduction</p> </li> <li> <p>DMG_Green Spaces*: baseline + open, ground spaces converted to green, defined to prioritise economic damage reduction</p> </li> <li> <p>DMG_Green City*: combination of Green Buildings and Green Spaces scenarios, defined to prioritise economic damage reduction</p> </li> <li> <p>POP_Green Buildings*: baseline + establishment of new green roofs, defined to prioritise exposed population reduction</p> </li> <li> <p>POP_Green Spaces*: baseline + open, ground spaces converted to green, defined to prioritise exposed population reduction</p> </li> <li> <p>POP_Green City*: combination of Green Buildings and Green Spaces scenarios, defined to prioritise exposed population reduction</p> </li> </ul> <p>* Each green conversion scenario considers four different incremental conversion percentages: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of all potential green areas.</p> <p>Gdynia</p> <ul> <li> <p>Precipitation events historical: 6-hours events – 24.89 mm (RP2), 35.93 mm (RP5), 43.55 mm (RP10), 53.19 mm (RP25), 60.60 mm (RP100), 75.74 mm (RP200) </p> </li> <li> <p>Baseline: current green cover</p> </li> <li> <p>NBS: baseline + bioswales/ponds (+ 50,000 m3)</p> </li> <li> <p>All green: baseline + all open spaces converted to green</p> </li> <li> <p>NBS All green: all green + NBS</p> </li> </ul> <p>Athens</p> <ul> <li> <p>Precipitation events historical: 1-hour events – 28.05 mm (RP5), 34.08 mm (RP10), 42.28 mm (RP25), 48.83 mm (RP50), 55.74 mm (RP100)</p> </li> <li> <p>Baseline: current green cover</p> </li> <li> <p>NBS: baseline + ponds/rain gardens in existing green spaces (depth 1m) in the northern district of the city</p> </li> <li> <p>All green: baseline + all open spaces (>100 m2) converted to green</p> </li> </ul>
Data from: Trapped within the city: Integrating demography, time since isolation and population-specific traits to assess the genetic effects of urbanization
Urbanization is a severe form of habitat fragmentation that can cause many species to be locally extirpated and many others to become trapped and isolated within an urban matrix. The role of drift in reducing genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation is well recognized in urban populations. However, explicit incorporation and analysis of the demographic and temporal factors promoting drift in urban environments are poorly studied. Here, we genotyped 15 microsatellites in 320 fire salamanders from the historical city of Oviedo (Est. 8th century) to assess the effects of time since isolation, demographic history (historical effective population size; Ne) and patch size on genetic diversity, population structure and contemporary Ne. Our results indicate that urban populations of fire salamanders are highly differentiated, most likely due to the recent Ne declines, as calculated in coalescence analyses, concomitant with the urban development of Oviedo. However, urbanization only caused a small loss of genetic diversity. Regression modelling showed that patch size was positively associated with contemporary Ne, while we found only moderate support for the effects of demographic history when excluding populations with unresolved history. This highlights the interplay between different factors in determining current genetic diversity and structure. Overall, the results of our study on urban populations of fire salamanders provide some of the very first insights into the mechanisms affecting changes in genetic diversity and population differentiation via drift in urban environments, a crucial subject in a world where increasing urbanization is forecasted.
Data from: Influence of natural and novel organic carbon sources on denitrification in forest, degraded urban, and restored streams
Organic carbon is important in regulating ecosystem function, and its source and abundance may be altered by urbanization. We investigated shifts in organic carbon quantity and quality associated with urbanization and ecosystem restoration, and its potential effects on denitrification at the riparian–stream interface. Field measurements of streamwater chemistry, organic carbon characterization, and laboratory-based denitrification experiments were completed at two forested, two restored, and two unrestored urban streams at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site, Maryland, USA. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate loads increased with runoff according to a power-law function that varied across sites. Stable isotopes and molar C:N ratios suggested that stream particulate organic matter (POM) was a mixture of periphyton, leaves, and grass that varied across site types. Stable-isotope signatures and lipid biomarker analyses of sediments showed that terrestrial organic carbon sources in streams varied as a result of riparian vegetation. Laboratory experiments indicated that organic carbon amendments significantly increased rates of denitrification (35.1 ± 9.4 ng N·[g dry sediment]−1·h−1; mean ± SE) more than nitrate amendments (10.4 ± 4.0 ng N·[g dry sediment]−1·h−1) across streamflow conditions and sites. Denitrification experiments with naturally occurring carbon sources showed that denitrification was significantly higher with grass clippings from home lawns (1244 ± 331 ng N·g dry sediment−1·h−1), and overall unrestored urban sites showed significantly higher denitrification rates than restored and forest sites. We found that urbanization influences organic carbon sources and quality in streams, which can have substantial downstream impacts on ecosystem services such as denitrification.
Data from: Landscape structure influences urban vegetation vertical structure
Vegetation vertical structure is important for biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. In cities, however, while variation in the spatial extent and distribution of vegetation has been widely investigated, vertical vegetation structure and its potential drivers have not. Understanding how vegetation vertical structure varies across cities and identifying the potential drivers of this variation will improve the management of urban vegetation for biodiversity and ecosystem services. We used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to quantify the vertical structure of vegetation across Brisbane, Australia, at 1-km2 and 1-ha spatial scales and investigated how this structure varied in response to biophysical, socioeconomic, urban form and landscape structure variables. Using model selection techniques, we found that landscape structure variables related to tree cover (tree cover extent and spatial configuration) best explained the vegetation vertical structure at both spatial scales. Biophysical and urban form variables were also important, but only in combination with landscape structure. Mean vegetation vertical complexity, foliage projective cover and canopy height at a site all decreased as the treed proportion of the surrounding urban landscape decreased. In general, these vertical structure variables also increased where patches of vegetation were clustered together spatially. Synthesis and applications. Using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and model selection techniques, we show that the extent and vertical structure of urban vegetation are not independent and that reduced extent and increased fragmentation of urban vegetation are associated with simplification of its vertical structure. If common, this relationship means that managing urban vegetation for biodiversity and ecosystem services should not focus solely on the amount of tree cover or green space present across cities, but also on identifying where interventions to improve vegetation vertical complexity are required. Our study provides important insights into where these locations may be in cities.
Data from: Decay patterns of invasive plants and plastic trash in urban streams
Urban streams are impacted by invasion of exotic riparian plants and the accumulation of plastic trash, which alter in-stream litter subsidies, and cause changes that cascade up the aquatic food web. The impacts of these factors on urban streams is poorly understood. We compared decay rates and invertebrate colonizers of 5 litter pack types in 4 urban streams in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Native Red alder (Alnus rubra) and Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis), invasive English ivy (Hedera sp.), Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and plastic trash (i.e. Styrofoam (polystyrene (PS)), plastic bag (high-density polyethylene (HDPE)), and Mylar (polyethylene terephthalate (PET). We tested 4 hypotheses: 1) exotic ivy and blackberry leaves would decay more slowly than native leaves; 2) exotic ivy and blackberry leaves would attract fewer and less diverse stream invertebrates than native leaves; 3) plastic trash would decay more slowly than leaves; and, 4) plastic trash would attract fewer and less diverse stream invertebrates than leaves. We found no difference between the leaf litter decay rates, however plastic trash decayed more slowly than leaves. Trash decay rates were faster than reported in marine environments, suggesting that plastic trash removal should be a management priority. Stream invertebrates colonized all pack types equally. We observed significant differences in litter decay rates and invertebrate assemblage alpha and Shannon–Wiener diversities across the 4 streams - likely related to differences in stream-specific environmental attributes including flashiness, stream discharge, and biological decay. We conclude that site-specific decay forces supersede litter quality in Pacific Coast urban streams.
Data from: Transition from conventional to light-emitting diode street lighting changes activity of urban bats
Light pollution is rapidly increasing and can have deleterious effects on biodiversity, yet light types differ in their effect on wildlife. Among the light types used for street lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are expected to become globally predominant within the next few years. In a large-scale field experiment, we recorded bat activity at 46 street lights for 12 nights each and investigated how the widespread replacement of conventional illuminants by LEDs affects urban bats: we compared bat activity at municipal mercury vapour (MV) street lamps that were replaced by LEDs with control sites that were not changed. Pipistrellus pipistrellus was the most frequently recorded species; it was 45% less active at LEDs than at MV street lamps, but the activity did not depend on illuminance level. Light type did not affect the activity of Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus pygmaeus or bats in the Nyctalus/Eptesicus/Vespertilio (NEV) group, yet the activity of P. nathusii increased with illuminance level. Bats of the genus Myotis increased activity 4·5-fold at LEDs compared with MV lights, but illuminance level had no effect. Decreased activity of P. pipistrellus, which are considered light tolerant, probably paralleled insect densities around lights. Further, our results suggest that LEDs may be less repelling for light-averse Myotis spp. than MV lights. Accordingly, the transition from conventional lighting techniques to LEDs may greatly alter the anthropogenic impact of artificial light on urban bats and might eventually affect the resilience of urban bat populations. Synthesis and applications. At light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the competitive advantage – the exclusive ability to forage on insect aggregations at lights – is reduced for light-tolerant bats. Thus, the global spread of LED street lamps might lead to a more natural level of competition between light-tolerant and light-averse bats. This effect could be reinforced if the potential advantages of LEDs over conventional illuminants are applied in practice: choice of spectra with relatively little energy in the short wavelength range; reduced spillover by precisely directing light; dimming during low human activity times; and control by motion sensors. Yet, the potential benefits of LEDs could be negated if low costs foster an overall increase in artificial lighting.
Data from: Demography, traits, and vulnerability to urbanization: can we make generalizations?
1. Human-induced land cover change threatens species diversity and ecosystem services. The rapid pace of current change makes predicting species' declines imperative, but leaves little time for thorough study of all species. One solution is to make generalizations about species' vulnerability to urbanization based on traits common among studied species in decline. 2. To date, most generalizations about traits associated with species' declines in response to urbanization are based on presence or abundance, or detailed studies of a few species. If these generalizations broadly reflect responses to urbanization, they should hold across the mechanisms driving patterns of abundance, such as survival or reproduction. 3. Across 68 bird species in the northeastern USA, we investigated how food preference, nest location, habitat preference, migration distance, number of broods, clutch size, body mass, and an interaction between urbanization and these traits affected survival and reproduction. 4. Mass was the strongest predictor of survival, followed by number of broods, migration distance, and nest location. Nest location was the strongest predictor of reproduction, followed by migration distance. No interaction between urbanization and species' traits affected survival; however, differences in response to urbanization among species with different food preferences, migration distances, masses, nest locations, and number of broods were important in predicting reproduction. 5. Synthesis and applications. We found that some traits influenced demographic rates even though they were not associated with urbanization; identifying differences in species' baseline demographic rates, irrespective of urbanization, is needed to guide management objectives. Reproduction, but not survival, was influenced by urbanization, suggesting that management in our region of study should target increasing suitable nest sites and reducing nest predation. Determining traits associated with demographic rates and urbanization across broad geographic extents can provide new insights for species' management, and help guide conservation initiatives.
Data from: Impact of urbanization on abundance and phenology of caterpillars and consequences for breeding in an insectivorous bird
Urbanization can have marked effects on plant and animal populations' phenology, population size, predator-prey interactions and reproductive success. These aspects are rarely studied simultaneously in a single system, and some are rarely investigated, e.g. how insect phenology responds to urban development. Here, we study a tri-trophic system of trees – phytophagous insects (caterpillars) – insectivorous birds (great tits) to assess how urbanization influences i) the phenology of each component of this system, ii) insect abundance and iii) avian reproductive success. We use data from two urban and two forest sites in Hungary, central Europe, collected over four consecutive years. Despite a trend of earlier leaf emergence in urban sites there is no evidence for an earlier peak in caterpillar abundance. Thus, contrary to the frequently stated prediction in the literature, the earlier breeding of urban bird populations is not associated with an earlier peak in caterpillar availability. Despite this the seasonal dynamics of caterpillar biomass exhibited striking differences between habitat types with a single clear peak in forests, and several much smaller peaks in urban sites. Caterpillar biomass was higher in forests than urban areas across the entire sampling period, and between 8.5 and 24 times higher during the first brood's chick-rearing period. This higher biomass was not associated with taller trees in forest sites, or with tree species identity, and occurred despite most of our focal trees being native to the study area. Urban great tits laid smaller clutches, experienced more frequent nestling mortality from starvation, reared fewer offspring to fledging age, and their fledglings had lower body mass. Our study strongly indicates that food limitation is responsible for lower avian reproductive success in cities, which is driven by reduced availability of the preferred nestling diet, i.e. caterpillars, rather than phenological shifts in the timing of peak food availability.
Data from: Experimental feeding regime influences urban bird disease dynamics
Wild bird feeding often results in high densities of birds, potentially facilitating transmission of disease. Wild birds are major reservoirs of many zoonotic diseases, and although a number of avian disease outbreaks have been linked to bird feeders, urban bird-feeding and its role in disease systems remains poorly studied. We examined the impacts of typical supplementary feeding practices on the health status of feeder-visiting birds at experimental feeding stations in an urban area of New Zealand. Over an 18-month period, we screened birds captured at feeding and non-feeding properties for three pathogens and four groups of parasites to determine whether feeding altered disease dynamics. We also assessed body condition. All pathogens and parasites were detected in at least one garden bird species. Feeding stations tested positive for Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on ∼7% of occasions, confirming that structures used in feeding are a potential transmission pathway. Feeding influenced some parasite infection parameters; these effects varied among host species. In silvereyes Zosterops lateralis, helminth prevalence and abundance were lower at feeding properties compared to non-feeding properties. In contrast, Eurasian blackbirds Turdus merula at feeding properties had a higher abundance of helminths. House sparrows Passer domesticus at feeding properties had a higher abundance of feather lice. Furthermore, our feeding regime significantly affected body condition in house sparrow and silvereye, though no associations between parasite parameters and body condition indices were found. Our results demonstrate that feeding practices can have varied effects on avian health, including no observable effects for some disease agents in some host species. Disease risks are present, however, thus understanding and reducing these risks should be a key goal for all stakeholders to protect birds that use feeders and other wildlife.
Figure 2 in Urban fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest as a refuge for cavity-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)
Figure 2. Rarefaction curves of solitary bee species nesting on campus of Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) and in Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV) located in urban fragment of Atlantic Rainforest in city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, from May 2014 to April 2016. Grey portions represent confidence intervals (95%) of diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index).
Figure 5 in Urban fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest as a refuge for cavity-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)
Figure 5. Nesting activity of most abundant bee and wasp species: Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius, 1804), Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith, 1874, and Trypoxylon sp.2 at Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas located in urban fragment of Atlantic Forest in city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, from May 2014 to April 2015 (1st year) and from May 2015 to April 2016 (2nd year).
Figure 4 in Urban fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest as a refuge for cavity-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)
Figure 4. Nesting activity of most abundant bee and wasp species: Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius, 1804), Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith, 1874, Podium denticulatum (Smith, 1856) at Universidade Federal da Bahia located in urban fragment of Atlantic Forest in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from May 2014 to April 2015 (1st year) and from May 2015 to April 2016 (2nd year).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.