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3,538 results for “Lizard”
Negative effects of the spatial clumping of thermal resources on lizard thermoregulation in a fragmented habitat
<p>Abstract of the manuscript associated to this dataset:</p> <p>In ecosystems threatened by the expansion of croplands, habitat fragmentation and climate change, two of the main extinction drivers, may have thermoregulationmediated interacting effects on demographic trends of terrestrial ectotherms. We studied the thermal biology of a metapopulation of the widespread Mediterranean lacertid Psammodromus algirus in fragments of evergreen or deciduous oak forests interspersed among cereal fields. We obtained thermoregulation statistics (selected temperature range, body and operative temperatures, thermal quality of the habitat, and precision, accuracy, and effectiveness of thermoregulation) that could be compared among fragments and with conspecific populations living in unfragmented habitat. We also measured the selection (use vs. availability) and spatial distribution of sunlit and shaded patches used for behavioral thermoregulation in fragments, and we estimated operative temperatures and thermal habitat quality in the agricultural matrix surrounding the fragments. Variation of the thermal environment was much larger within fragments than among them, and thermoregulation was accurate, precise, and efficient throughout the fragmented landscape; its effectiveness was similar to that of previously studied unfragmented populations. The average distance between sunlit and shaded patches was shorter in deciduous than in evergreen fragments, producing a more clumped distribution of the mosaic of thermal resources. Consequently, in evergreen habitat the cost of thermoregulation was higher, because lizards were more selective in their choice of sunlit sites (they used sunlit patches closer to shade and refuge than expected at random, and the extent of such selection was larger than at deciduous habitat). Temperatures available in croplands were too high to allow lizard dispersal, at least in the post-breeding season. This result confirms the role of croplands as a thermal barrier that promotes inbreeding in isolated fragments, and it forecasts a dark future for populations of forest lizards in agricultural landscapes under the combined effects of habitat fragmentation and global warming.</p>
Figure 2 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 2. Holotype of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. UCMP 54560. Images on the left are of the physical specimen and those on the right are digital renderings; B, D and F are volume renderings, whereas H and I are surface renderings. A, B, skull in right lateral view. C, D, skull in left lateral view. E, F, skull in dorsal view. G, quadrate, squamosal and osteoderms from mudstone block in posterior view. H, I, segmented quadrate, squamosal and osteoderms dorsal to the quadrate in posterior and anterior view, respectively. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.s, anteromedial surface; co, conch; De, dentary; fn, frontonasal; f.pr, facial process; fp, frontoparietal; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; k, keel; La, lacrimal; m.so, median supraocular; Me.gr, Meckelian groove; Mx, maxilla; or.pr, orbital process; p.in, posterior internasal; Pp, palpebral; prf, prefrontal; pt.lm, pterygoid lamina; Px, premaxilla; px.pr, premaxillary process; Qu, quadrate; Smx, septomaxilla; Sq, squamosal; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Figure 4 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 4. Comparison of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. and skulls of extant gerrhonotines, in anterior view. A, Abronia cuyama sp. nov. UCMP 54560. B, Abronia graminea UTA 38831. C, Elgaria multicarinata TNHC 35666. D, Barisia leƲicollis MVZ 68783. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1. A, geographical context. B in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 1. A, geographical context. B, local Oligocene and Miocene sedimentary units. In A, distribution data for Abronia are from GBIF.org (2021). Distribution data were filtered manually to remove selected outliers using the study by GutiérrezRodríguez et al. (2021) as a reference. Grey shading in A indicates elevation (i.e. mountainous areas). Geological data in B are based on the studies by Hoyt et al. (2018) and Jennings (2010). The location of the UCMP V-5847 fossiliferous site was obtained from the study by James (1963).
Figure 5 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 5. Phylogenetic position of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. among alligator lizards in Bayesian inference analyses. A, partially constrained tree. B, fully constrained tree. Outgroups are removed for clarity, and other gerrhonotine genera or species are condensed to single terminals. Black circles indicate nodes with posterior probability> 0.95.
Figure 6 in Subspecies at crossroads: the evolutionary significance of genomic and phenotypic variation in a wide-ranging Australian lizard (Ctenotus pantherinus)
Figure 6. Genotypic clustering and admixture in Ctenotus pantherinus. Bars depict the relative proportion of alleles in each individual corresponding to the inferred genotypic clusters (i.e. ancestry proportions of individuals). Pie charts on the map indicate the average ancestry proportions corresponding to each cluster at each site (based on all individuals at that site). The clusters closely match the sample composition and geographical distribution of major clades from the nuclear phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 5). Multicoloured pies indicate admixture among clusters.
Figure 2 in Subspecies at crossroads: the evolutionary significance of genomic and phenotypic variation in a wide-ranging Australian lizard (Ctenotus pantherinus)
Figure 2. Selected phenotypic characters examined in museum specimens of Ctenotus pantherinus and their variation. A, dorsal coloration (from left to right): typical ocellated pattern, vertebral stripe, longitudinal lines, hiatus of ocelli on the vertebral region and ocelli with thick dark borders. B, condition of the plantar scales: smooth, pyramidal and with a spiny projection. C, condition of the subdigital lamellae (yellow arrows): single broad keel, single fine keel and fine medial keel flanked by two smaller parallel keels. Variation among the character states shown was often near-continuous and difficult to categorize.
Figure 1. A in Subspecies at crossroads: the evolutionary significance of genomic and phenotypic variation in a wide-ranging Australian lizard (Ctenotus pantherinus)
Figure 1. A, Illustrative picture of C. pantherinus in life (subspecies C. p. ocellifer), courtesy of Eric Vanderduys. B, C, distributions of currently recognized Ctenotus pantherinus subspecies. B, presumed distributions of C. pantherinus subspecies as typically presented in field guides and taxonomic compendiums (based on Ehmann & Strahan, 1992; Storr et al., 1999). Subspecies are as follows: C. p. acripes (a), C. p. calx (c), C. p. ocellifer (o) and C. p. pantherinus (p). Note the disjunct distribution of C. p. acripes, whose type locality is on a Western Australian island (Barrow Island; arrow). C, sampling localities of 1464 voucher specimens split by subspecies assignment as in the original museum records (for details on how we compiled these data, see the Material and methods section). Note that subspecies ranges as commonly understood (B) often disagree with those suggested by museum records.
Pedigree and phenotypic variables used for estimation of heritability of sand lizard badge size and condition
<p><span>Sexual selection on fitness-determining traits should theoretically erode genetic variance and lead to low heritability. However, many sexually selected traits maintain significant phenotypic and additive genetic variance, with explanations for this "lek paradox" including genic capture due to condition-dependence, and breaks on directional selection due to environmental sources of variance including maternal effects. Here we investigate genetic and environmental sources of variance in the intrasexually selected green badge of the sand lizard (<em>Lacerta agilis</em>). The badge functions as a cue to male fighting ability in this species, and male-male interactions determine mate acquisition. Using animal models on a pedigree including three generations of males measured over an extensive nine year field study, we partition phenotypic variance in both badge size and body condition into additive genetic, maternal, and permanent environmental effects experienced by an individual over its lifespan. Heritability of badge size was 0.33 with a significant estimate of underlying additive genetic variance. Body condition was strongly environmentally determined in this species and does not show either significant additive genetic variance or heritability. Neither badge size nor body condition were responsive to maternal effects. We propose that the lack of additive genetic variance and heritability of body condition makes it unlikely that genic capture mechanisms maintains additive genetic variance for badge size. That said, genic capture was originally proposed for male traits under female choice, not agonistic selection. If developmental pathways generating variance in body condition, and/or the covarying secondary sex trait, differ between inter- and intrasexual selection, or the rate at which their additive genetic variance or covariance is depleted, future work may show whether genic capture is largely restricted to intersexual selection processes.</span></p>
Data for: The role of MHC and inbreeding in disassortative mating in sand lizards
<p><span>The harmful effects of close inbreeding have been recognized for centuries and, with the rise of Mendelian genetics, was realized to be an effect of homozygosis. This historical background led to great interest in ways to quantify inbreeding, its depression effects on the phenotype and flow-on effects on mate choice and other aspects of behavioural ecology. The mechanisms and cues used to avoid inbreeding are varied and include major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the peptides they transport as predictors of the degree of genetic relatedness. Here we revisit and complement data from a Swedish population of sand lizards (<em>Lacerta agilis</em>) showing signs of inbreeding depression to assess the effects of genetic relatedness on pair formation in the wild. Parental pairs were less similar at the MHC than expected under random mating but mated at random with respect to microsatellite relatedness. MHC clustered in groups of RFLP bands but no partner preference was observed with respect to partner MHC cluster genotype. Male MHC band patterns were unrelated to their fertilization success in clutches selected for analysis on the basis of showing mixed paternity. Thus, our data suggest that MHC plays a role in pre-copulatory- but not post-copulatory partner association, suggesting that MHC is not the driver of fertilization bias and gamete recognition in sand lizards.</span></p>
FIG. 3 in Body Color and Morphological Correlates of Fitness in Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus): A Spectrophotometric Approach
FIG. 3.—Significant regressions of abdominal body color against morphometric traits for female Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) collected in 2013 from Dauset Trails Nature Center (Butts County, GA). (A) Ventral UV chroma X snout-vent length (SVL), (B) ventral UV chroma X body condition, (C) ventral blue chroma X body condition, (D) dorsal hue X SVL, (E) dorsal UV chroma X SVL. Female dorsal hue was not normally distributed and did not normalize following transformation. Data for dorsal UV chroma were normalized using reciprocal transformations (see Methods), but the untransformed data are presented here for simplicity.
FIG. 2 in Body Color and Morphological Correlates of Fitness in Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus): A Spectrophotometric Approach
FIG. 2.—Significant regressions of abdominal body color against morphometric traits for male Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) collected in 2013 from Dauset Trails Nature Center (Butts County, GA). (A) Ventral UV chroma X snout-vent length (SVL), (B) ventral blue chroma X SVL, (C) ventral blue chroma X patch area, (D) dorsal UV chroma X SVL. Values for UV chroma in panels A and D are depicted following a natural logarithmic transformation.
FIG. 1 in Body Color and Morphological Correlates of Fitness in Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus): A Spectrophotometric Approach
FIG. 1.—Body coloration in adult Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) at 36°C. (A) Photographs of representative examples of male and female body color. (B) Mean spectral reflectance curves (males, n ¼ 28; females, n ¼ 12) of dorsal and ventral abdominal coloration. Solid brown line ¼ male dorsum; solid blue line ¼ male venter; dotted brown line ¼ female dorsum; dotted black line ¼ female venter. Spectral reflectance data from Stephenson et al. (2017). Republished with permission of the Linnean Society of London.
Figure 5. a in Morphological and performance modifications in the world's only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Figure 5. a, LD function for variation in stride kinematics between iguanids, two of the fastest runs for each individual were retained (marine iguana N = 65, black spiny-tailed iguana N = 35, green iguana N = 22). Kernel density ellipses for each species illustrate 90% and 70% of the data distribution. b, loadings for iguanid stride kinematics in (a). c, LD function for variation in stride kinematics between subspecies of marine iguana. d, Loadings for iguanid stride kinematics in (c).
Figure 4. a, linear regression illustrating the relationship between log10 stride length and log10 stride speed. b in Morphological and performance modifications in the world's only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Figure 4. a, linear regression illustrating the relationship between log10 stride length and log10 stride speed. b, linear regression illustrating the relationship between and log10 stride frequency and log10 stride speed for iguanids.
Figure 3. a, linear discriminant function illustrating shape variation between iguanids. Kernel density ellipses for each species illustrate 90 in Morphological and performance modifications in the world's only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Figure 3. a, linear discriminant function illustrating shape variation between iguanids. Kernel density ellipses for each species illustrate 90% and 70% of the data distribution. b, graph of morphometric trait loadings from LD analysis.
Figure 1. a in Morphological and performance modifications in the world's only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Figure 1. a, morphological measurements and landmarks used in video digitization. Also illustrated are the three movements of the femur relative to the pelvis including (b) femur protraction, (c) femur rotation and (d) femur adduction (Supporting Information, Table S15).
Figure 2. a in Morphological and performance modifications in the world's only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Figure 2. a, body shape and size variation between the marine iguana, green iguana and black spiny-tailed iguana. b, body size and shape variation in subspecies of marine iguana (juveniles excluded). Residual means of morphometric traits are expressed on the iguanid bodies. The ancestral state estimates for body mass are shown along phylogenetic trees. Morphometrics represented include head-neck length (HN), forelimb length (FL), hindlimb length (HL) and tail length (tailL). Iguanid bodies are scaled according to mean weight.
FIGURE 3. Maximum-Likelihood cytochrome b in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)
FIGURE 3. Maximum-Likelihood cytochrome b genealogy showing results of single-locus species delimitations. Circles on nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap supports (black ≥ 95, gray ≥ 80 and ≤ 95, and white ≤ 80).
FIGURE 7 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)
FIGURE 7. Liolaemus attenboroughi sp. nov., representative paratypes (adult females), dorsal and ventral views. Line corresponds to 5 cm.
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