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Figure 12 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 12 Tityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov., female holotype (MZSP 74633), metasoma and telson A, B telson A lateral view B ventral view C, D metasoma C lateral view D ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 5 mm (C, D).
Figure 3 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 3 Phylogeny of Tityus representatives from South America obtained by analysis of DNA sequences (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Cytochrome c Oxidase I), showing distribution of the characters states exhibited by the female basal pectinal piece (orange: GR absent; grey: medium-sized GR; turquoise: relatively large GR; blue: very large GR) across different Tityus subgenera and species-groups. Boxes on branches and associated values correspond to ultrafast-bootstrap (Ubst) values. Observations= Tityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov. is marked in bold. Abbreviations= GR, glandular region.
Figure 7 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 7 Tityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov., female holotype (MZSP 74633) A dorsal view B ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 2 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 2 Phylogeny of Tityus representatives from South America obtained by analysis of DNA sequences (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and Cytochrome c Oxidase I- COI), showing the distribution of the characters states of the ventral setae of telotarsi I–IV (orange: an irregularly distributed tuft of setae (type I); turquoise: two ventro-submedian rows of setae (type II)) across different Tityus subgenera and species-groups. Boxes on branches and associated values correspond to ultrafast-bootstrap (Ubst) values. Observations= Tityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov. is marked in bold.
Figure 6 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 6 Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836, female pectinal basal piece and basal middle lamellae of the pectines, showing glandular regions A, C, E White light B, D, F UV light A, BTityus (Atreus) obscurus Gervais, 1843 (MNRJ 07610) C, DTityus (Tityus) serrulatus Lutz & Mello, 1922 (MZSP 28205) E, FTityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov. (MZSP 74633). Abbreviations: BML, basal middle lamellae; GR, glandular region of the pectinal basal piece. Scale bars: 500 μm.
Figure 9 from: Moreno-González JA, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Gallão JE (2021) Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
Figure 9 Tityus (Tityus) spelaeus sp. nov., female holotype (MZSP 74633), right pedipalp segments A femur, dorsal view B, C patella B dorsal view C external view. Scale bars: 1.5 mm.
Figure 2 from: Alvarado AT, Ybañez-Julca R, Muñoz AM, Tejada-Bechi C, Cerro R, Quiñones LA, Varela N, Alvarado CA, Alvarado E, Bendezú MR, García JA (2021) Frequency of CYP2D6*3 and *4 and metabolizer phenotypes in three mestizo Peruvian populations. Pharmacia 68(4): 891-898. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e75165
Figure 2 Percentages (%) of poor metabolizers (gPM) extrapolated from the genotype in different populations of the tricontinent and Latin America previously studied and their clinical implication. ##: tricontinental population, **: Latin American population.
Phenotypic plasticity is aligned with phenological adaptation on micro- and macroevolutionary timescales
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In seasonally-variable environments, phenotypic plasticity in phenology may be critical for adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions. Using an 18-generation longitudinal dataset from natural damselfly populations, we show that phenology has strongly advanced. Individual fitness data suggest this is likely an adaptive response towards a temperature-dependent optimum. A laboratory experiment revealed that developmental plasticity qualitatively matches the temperature-dependence of selection, partially explaining observed advance in phenology. Expanding our analysis to the macroevolutionary level, we use a database of over 1-million occurrence records and spatiotemporally-matched temperature data from 49 Swedish Odonate species to infer macroevolutionary dynamics of phenology. Phenological plasticity was more closely aligned with adaptation for species that have recently colonized northern latitudes, but with higher phenological mismatch at lower latitudes. Our results show that phenological plasticity plays a key role in microevolutionary dynamics within a single species, and such plasticity may have facilitated post-Pleistocene range expansion in this insect clade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Climate and conspecific density inform phenotypic forecasting of juvenile Pacific salmon body size
<p>1. Predicting effects of climate on fitness-linked phenotypic traits, such as body size, is important for the management and conservation of species in the face of global change. During sensitive life stages, small changes in mean trait values can have large effects on survival and population productivity.</p> <p>2. The transition from freshwater to saltwater by migrating anadromous fishes such as Pacific salmon (genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>) is a critical life history transition, where survival is mediated by the size of migrating individuals. For salmon that spend extended periods rearing in freshwater, the size at ocean entry (i.e., smolt length) may be sensitive to changes in freshwater conditions shaped by biotic and abiotic factors, yet long-term phenotypic time series for exploring these responses are rare.</p> <p>3. We reconstructed a four-decade time series of smolt length from archives of returning adult scales to quantify population-specific responses to climate and conspecific density in a small watershed.</p> <p>4. Dynamic linear modeling found that the relationship between a proxy for cohort density and smolt length at ocean entry was consistently negative, suggestive of competition. In contrast, there was a positive, yet dynamic, relationship between a proxy for density of emerging fry during the second summer of growth and smolt length.</p> <p>5. The effect of temperature on smolt length was not consistent between two populations of sockeye salmon <i>O. nerka</i> that likely use distinct habitats within the watershed. A positive relationship between smolt length and temperature was only detected for the less abundant, early returning population.</p> <p>6. Predictions of smolt length showed variable responses under scenarios of increasing temperature and high and low densities of conspecifics. Collectively, these results reveal population-specific responses to temperature and density, suggesting that local habitat conditions may filter larger-scale climate drivers.</p>
Why are the phenotypes of TRAF6 knock-in and TRAF6 knock-out mice so different?
<p>The expression of TNF-Receptor Associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) is essential for many physiological processes. Here we studied the phenotype of TRAF6[L74H] knock-in mice which are devoid of TRAF6 E3 ligase activity in every cell of the body, but express normal levels of the TRAF6 protein. Remarkably, TRAF6[L74H] mice have none of the phenotypes seen in TRAF6 KO mice. Instead TRAF6[L74H] mice display an entirely different phenotype, exhibiting autoimmunity, and severe inflammation of the skin and modest inflammation of the liver and lungs. Similar to mice with a Treg-specific knockout of TRAF6, or mice devoid of TRAF6 in all T cells, the CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes displayed an activated effector memory phenotype with CD44<sup>high</sup>/CD62L<sup>low</sup> expression on the cell surface. In contrast, T cells from WT mice exhibited the CD44<sup>low</sup>/CD62L<sup>high </sup>phenotype characteristic of naïve T cells. The onset of autoimmunity and autoinflammation in TRAF6[L74H] mice (two weeks) was much faster than in mice with a Treg-specific knockout of TRAF6 or lacking TRAF6 expression in all T cells (2-3 months) and we discuss whether this may be caused by secondary inflammation of other tissues. The distinct phenotypes of mice lacking TRAF6 expression in all cells appears to be explained by their inability to signal via TNF Receptor Superfamily members, which does not seem to be impaired significantly in TRAF6[L74H] mice.</p>
Association of gyrification pattern, white matter changes and phenotypic profile in patients with Parkinson's disease
<p><b>Objective:</b> To investigate the cortical gyrification changes as well as their relationships with white matter (WM) microstructural abnormalities in the akinetic-rigid (AR) and tremor-dominant (TD) subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Sixty-four patients with the AR subtype, 26 patients with the TD subtype and 56 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. High-resolution T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted images were acquired for each participant. We computed local gyrification index (LGI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) to identify the cortical gyrification and WM microstructural changes in the AR and TD subtypes.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Compared with HCs, patients with the AR subtype showed decreased LGI in the precentral, postcentral, inferior and superior parietal, middle and superior frontal/temporal, anterior and posterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, supramarginal, precuneus, and some visual cortices, and decreased FA in the corticospinal tract, inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, forceps minor/major, and anterior thalamic radiation. Decreases in LGI and FA of the AR subtype were found to be tightly coupled. LGIs of the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus correlated with the mini-mental state examination and the Hoehn and Yahr scores of patients with the AR subtype. Patients with the TD subtype showed no significant change in the LGI and FA compared with patients with the AR subtype and HCs.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our results suggest that cortical gyrification changes in PD are motor phenotype-specific and are possibly mediated by the microstructural abnormalities of the underlying WM tracts.</p>
Made-up mouths with preen oil reveal genetic and phenotypic conditions of starling nestlings
<p>Animal colouration are due to pigments, nanostructures, or to the cosmetic use of natural products, and plays a central role in social communication. The role of cosmetic colouration has traditionally been focussed on scenarios of sexual selection, but it could also be used in other contexts. Here, by using spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) as a model system, we explore the possibility that nestlings cosmetically used their intensely yellow coloured uropygial secretion to signal their genetic and/or phenotypic quality to their parents. In agreement with the hypothetical cosmetic use of the uropygial secretion, (i) video recorded nestlings collected secretion with the bill at the age of feathering, (ii) cotton swabs turned to the colour of secretion after rubbing with them nestlings' gape, and (iii) gape and skin colourations correlated positively with that of secretion. Furthermore, we found that (iv) secretion colouration has a genetic component, and (v) associated positively with Vitamin-E supplementation and (vi) with plasma carotenoid concentration, which highlights the informative value of nestling secretion. Finally, (vii) colouration of begging related traits and of secretion of nestlings predicted parental feeding preferences. Consequently, all these results strongly suggest that the cosmetic use of coloured uropygial secretion might also play a role in parent-offspring communication, complementing or amplifying information provided by the flamboyant coloured gapes and skin of nestlings. The use of makeups by offspring to communicate with parents has been scarcely explored and we hope that these results will encourage further investigations in birds and some other taxa with parental care. Keywords: Antioxidants, Begging, Makeup hypothesis, Parent-offspring communication, Uropygium --</p>
Fig. 3 in Phenotypic Diversities Of Four Populations Of Clarias Gariepinus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) Obtained From Ogun And Ondo State Waterbodies In South-Western Nigeria
Fig. 3. PCA scatter diagram for meristics of Clarias gariepinus obtained from the four rivers. The red colour indicates River Ogbere and blue colour indicates River Omo, while pink colour indicates Owena dam and brown colour indicates River Oluwa.
Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis phenotypes
<p>We coded 771 articles published between January 1, 2009 and September 30, 2020 based on presence of relevant legume or rhizobium phenotypes. We were broadly interested in articles that quantified rhizobia and identified other relevant legume phenotypes. We used Web of Science through Chapman University to search for articles related to the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. After filtering articles for relevance, we identified 25 phenotypes present at least once in a single article, and we indicated which articles report data on that phenotype.</p>
Contrasting environmental drivers of genetic of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an Andean poison frog
<p>Phenotypic and genetic divergence are shaped by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and the differentiating processes of genetic drift and local adaptation. Herein, we examined the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic (size and color) and genetic divergence in 35 populations (535 individuals) of the poison frog <em>Epipedobates anthonyi</em> along four elevational gradients (0–1800 m asl) in the Ecuadorian Andes. We found phenotypic divergence in size and color despite relatively low genetic divergence at neutral microsatellite loci. Genetic and phenotypic divergence were both explained by landscape resistance between sites (isolation-by-resistance, IBR), likely due to a cold and dry mountain ridge between the northern and southern elevational transects that limits dispersal and separates two color morphs. Moreover, environmental differences among sites also explained genetic and phenotypic divergence, suggesting isolation-by-environment (IBE). When northern and southern transects were analyzed separately, genetic divergence was predicted either by distance (isolation-by-distance, IBD; northern) or environmental resistance between sites (IBR; southern). In contrast, phenotypic divergence was primarily explained by environmental differences among sites, supporting the IBE hypothesis. These results indicate that although distance and geographic barriers are important drivers of population divergence, environmental variation has a two-fold effect on population divergence. On the one hand, landscape resistance between sites reduces gene flow (IBR), while on the other hand, environmental differences among sites exert divergent selective pressures on phenotypic traits (IBE). Our work highlights the importance of studying both genetic and phenotypic divergence to better understand the processes of population divergence and speciation along ecological gradients.</p>
Phenotypic and marker data for statistical genetic analysis of Minnesota maize lines
<p>Publicly available maize lines are a resource for studying quantitative genetic variation in plants. This dataset includes cluster or subpopulation information, phenotypic data, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 272 maize lines developed by the University of Minnesota, other universities, and seed companies. The lines were evaluated at multiple locations in Minnesota in 2011 and 2012 for different phenological, morphological, and kernel composition traits. The lines were genotyped for 56,110 SNP loci on the Maize SNP50 Beadchip (Illumina). Filtering for SNP data quality led to data for 28,626 SNP loci for the 272 maize lines. Population structure analysis showed that the maize lines clustered into five subpopulations (A321 or Minnesota 13, B73, Mo17, Oh43, and PH207 or Iodent) that represented most of the U.S. Corn Belt diversity (Schaefer and Bernardo 2013a, Crop Science 53:1529-1536). Genomewide association mapping revealed marker-trait associations for male flowering date, female flowering date, plant height, ear height, and kernel concentration for oil, protein, and starch (Schaefer and Bernardo 2013b, Crop Science 53:2518-2529). The covariance between relatives is a tenet in quantitative genetics, but such classical theory has ignored any resemblance between individuals unrelated by pedigree. Analysis of this maize dataset showed that a covariance between nonrelatives in maize is not ubiquitous but it is sometimes rpesent for specific traits and for certain groups of unrelated individuals (Bernardo 2022, Heredity).</p>
Phenotypic data for the Sorghum bicolor core collection selected from the whole collection in the Uganda National GeneBank
<p>Passport data for the Sorghum bicolor core collection selected from the whole collection in the Uganda National GeneBank (Information is based on 286 core collection accessions, excluding 24 accessions which did not germinate in this trial</p>
Data from: Phenotypic determinants of inter-individual variability of litter consumption rate in a detritivore population
Abstract not entered
Data from: A time series model for estimating temporal variation in phenotypic selection on laying dates in a Dutch great tit population
[No abstract entered]
Figure 3 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 3 - Individual changes in color in the final surviving azure sand grasshoppers when kept on bluish-gray stones (blue lines, N = 2) or reddish-brown soil (red lines, N = 3). The comparison is between the same individuals at the beginning of the experiment and once frozen and cleaned at the end. Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.