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FIGURE 2 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)

FIGURE 2. Phylogenies based on mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear data (nc), estimated with concatenation and multispecies coalescent approaches. Red and blue branches highlight the Liolaemus somuncurae and L. kingii clades, respectively. Values above branches of concatenated trees are ultrafast bootstrap supports (left; values below 80 not shown) and gene Concordance Factors (right). Branch supports on the coalescent tree are local Posterior Probabilities (values below 1 not shown).

FIGURE 1 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)

FIGURE 1. Map of southern South America showing the distribution of the species included in the Liolaemus kingii group. Main rivers of Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces, in Argentina, are also shown. Shaded areas correspond to known distributions of described species. Symbols indicate type localities, except for L. chacabucoense, L. scolaroi, L. tari, and L. tristis, for which specimens of type localities could not be collected. The inset depicts the distribution of Liolaemus attenboroughi sp. nov. in northwestern Chubut Province; the encircled star indicates the type locality, and dashed ovals encircle the distribution of deep mitochondrial clades. Red lines correspond to main roads, and white dots indicate main towns in the area.

FIGURE 5 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)

FIGURE 5. Liolaemus attenboroughi sp. nov., male (left, LJAMM-CNP 16783) and female paratypes (right, LJAMM-CNP 16783), dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURE 6 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)

FIGURE 6. Liolaemus attenboroughi sp. nov., representative paratypes (adult males), dorsal and ventral views. Line corresponds to 5 cm.

FIGURE 4 in A new lizard species of the Liolaemus kingii group (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Chubut province (Argentina)

FIGURE 4. Liolaemus attenboroughi sp. nov., holotype (adult male), dorsal and ventral views. Line corresponds to 5 cm.

FIG. 2 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 2. Genetic divergence between Ctenophorus modestus (northern Flinders Ranges [NFR], southern Flinders Ranges [SFR], Olary Ranges [OR]) and C. decresii (mainland south [MS] which encompasses the Mount Lofty Ranges and Fleurieu Peninsula, and Kangaroo Island [KI]) and specimens examined for morphological analyses. (A) Results of a Bayesian analysis of ancestry in the program STRUCTURE (K ¼ 2). Each vertical bar represents an individual and individuals are ordered by population and latitude (from north to south). The proportion of white and gray represents the proportion of C. modestus and C. decresii ancestry in each individual, respectively. (B) Two-dimensional principal coordinate plot (PCoA) showing pairwise genetic distances between individuals: Ctenophorus modestus (squares), C. decresii (circles). 95% confidence ellipses of each population are shown. Both A and B were constructed from a genomic SNP dataset of 1333 SNPs (n ¼ 148). (C) Map showing geographic locations of samples of C. modestus and C. decresii shown in A and B.

FIG. 6 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 6. Geographic distribution of Ctenophorus modestus (squares) and C. decresii (circles) based on specimens in Australian Museums from the Atlas of Living Australia (data: https://doi.org/10.26197/ 5d91626857226); coordinates which were likely inaccurate (e.g., unsuitable habitat) were removed. Protected areas described in the Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (CAPAD, 2018) are shown as gray areas. The extent of occurrence is shown for C. modestus (49,102 km2; orange lines) and C. decresii (6,604 km2 total [mainland: 5,772 km2; Kangaroo Island: 832 km2], blue lines).

FIG. 1 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ''pinched'' or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder.

FIG. 4 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler's Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott).

FIG. 3 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 3. (A) Map showing localities of examined museum specimens: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii sensu stricto (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). Specimens without GPS coordinates are excluded. (B–C) Linear discriminant analyses of (A) males and (B) females based on 23 variables: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). 95% confidence ellipses are shown. The lectotypes (males) and paralectotypes (females) of C. modestus and C. decresii are indicated with arrows.

FIG. 5 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level

FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837; MNHN 6545). This specimen is an adult male collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in January 1803 (photos: Nicolas Vidal, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris). (B) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus modestus (Ahl, 1926; ZMB 54516). This specimen is a subadult male from ''Australien'' without an exact locality or reference to a collector or donor (photos: Frank Tillack, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin).

Figure 6 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 6. Hypothetical radiation schemes for Uromastyx and possibly relevant geological events. Approximate distribution range for each taxon (Wilms, 2001) is shown with its abbreviated name: Hard (Uromastyx hardwickii), Aca (U. acanthinura), Mali (U. d. maliensis), Gey (U. geyri), Dis (U. d. dispar), Oce (U. ocellata), Mac (U. macfadyeni), Aeg (U. a. aegyptia), Mic (U. a. microlepis), Orn (U. ornata) and Ben (U. benti).

Figure 5 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 5. Neighbour-joining tree constructed based on maximum likelihood distances from 1503 alignable nucleotide sites (the HKY model and transition/transversion ratio of 3.48). The tree was rooted with Chamaeleo africanus as an outgroup. Bootstrap probabilities are shown for neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses (from left to right). Underlined values mean that the branch was not reconstructed in the best tree topology by the corresponding analyses. Note that two distinct sequence haplotypes are included for Uromastyx acanthinura and U. ocellata. See Material and methods for more details on the analytical conditions. The nucleotide sequences taken from the database are: Chamaeleo africanus (accession No., AF448743), Chlamydosaurus kingii (AF128469), Physignathus lesueurii (AF128463), Acanthosoura capra (AF128498), Salea horsfieldii (AF128490), Trapelus savignii (AF128512), Leiolepis guentherpetersi (AF128461), Leiolepis belliana (U82689), Laudakia caucasia (AF028681) and Laudakia lehmanni (AF028677).

Figure 4 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 4. Secondary structures of the inserted sequences found between tRNAGln and tRNAIle genes. The 128 bp insert for Uromastyx ornata can assume alternative secondary structures either with an extremely stable and long stem region (A) or with a clover-leaf structure for the second tRNAGln gene (or pseudogene) and a stable stem-and-loop structure (B). The 59 bp inserted for U. ocellata may also assume a somewhat less stable stem-and-loop structure (C). Heavy-strand sequences are shown and numbers refer to the corresponding positions in their light-strand sequences shown in Fig. 3A. Bars in stems represent Watson–Crick base pairs and dots stand for wobble G–U pairs for RNA.

Figure 2 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 2. Evolution of mitochondrial gene organization in Uromastyx. A, typical vertebrate organization plesiomorphic to lizards. B, typical organization for acrodont lizards including Leiolepis and likely the direct common ancestor of Leiolepis and Uromastyx. C, typical Uromastyx organization in which the putative origin of light-strand replication (black box) disappeared from the WANCY tRNA gene cluster. D, organization for U. ornata and likely for the direct common ancestor of U. ornata and U. ocellata, which has an insertion containing a stem-and-loop structure (hatched box) and the second tRNAGln gene or pseudogene (Q*). E, organization for U. ocellata in which Q* disappeared. See Figs 3 and 4 for sequences and secondary structures of the inserted region in U. ornata and U. ocellata.

Figure 3 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 3. Nucleotide sequences of the inserted region between the tRNA Gln and tRNAIle genes. A, alignment between the 128 bp insertion in Uromastyx ornata and the 59 bp insertion in U. ocellata (65% identity). B, alignment between the original tRNAGln gene and its second copy within the inserted region for U. ornata (49% identity). Light-strand and heavystrand sequences are shown for A and B, respectively. Dots indicate identity with the first sequence and dashes denote a gap.

Figure 1 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements

Figure 1. Position of primers used for amplification and/or sequencing. See Table 1 for the primer sequences; numbers of primers correspond to those in Table 1.

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Figure 6 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 6. Isolation by distance scatterplots for pairwise intra- and interspecific comparisons for Karoo cordylid lizards. (A) The Karoo taxa only (C.aridus, C. cloetei, C.minor) and (B) Karoo species compared to sister taxa (C.imkeae, C. macropholis). Intraspecific comparisons denoted by black dots. Interspecific pairwise comparisons: C. aridus/C. cloetei – triangles, C. aridus/C. minor – squares, C. cloetei/C. minor – circles, three Karoo species/C. imkeae – diamonds, three Karoo species/C. mclachlani – crosses. Isolation by distance trend is shown by the dotted line. Axes in A and B are not of the same range.

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Figure 3 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood consensus tree for Cordylus with bootstrap values (top) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (bottom). Support values not shown for intraspecific nodes or for nodes with ≤ 0.90 pp/70% bootstrap. Species delimitation groupings are indicated by the bars for the barcoding analysis, bGMYC for the three-gene (all), and the mitochondrial only (mt) analyses.