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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Four new species of Hecabolus Curtis, 1834 (Braconidae, Doryctinae) from south and southwestern Brazil, with notes on the morphological variation and geographic distribution of H. mexicanus ZaldívarRiverón & Belokobylskij, 2009

Fig. 1. Hecabolus acutus sp. nov., ♀, holotype (NHMUK). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, lateral view. D. Mesosoma, dorsal view, black arrows indicate the middle mesoscutal pointed edges above notaulli. E. Fore wing. F. Hind wing. G. Metasoma, dorsal view.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data for: Four decades of phenology in an alpine amphibian: trends, stasis, and climatic drivers

This dataset is used for the analysis of the breeding phenology of a common toad (Bufo bufo) alpine population, and how it is associated with either climatic conditions or the genetics of the population.   Toad Data Since 1982, we have captured annually all the toads that come to breed at the study pond. We then marked (first by toe-clipping, then starting in 1993 by implanting PIT tags), measured, and released them in the same place (Hemelaar, 1988; Grossenbacher, 2002). To make sure we captured both early and late arrivers, we repeated this procedure for on average 5–6 nights, with breaks in-between of about 2-4 days (i.e, the data conform to Pollock’s (1982) robust design). The length of the field work period usually covers the breeding season duration, which typically lasts about two weeks at our study pond. This design also had the advantage of not overly stressing the toads. In total, for the period 1982–2020, 3053 uniquely recognizable individuals have been caught, of which 1852 were males and 1201 females. For each individual we have a record of presence for each capture night over the study period. Given the reduced size of the pond and the repeated capture rounds within a capture night, we assumed high capture probabilities (capture probability p ≈ 0.85 per year based on a preliminary analysis of the mark-recapture data). At the population level we determined for each year a start, a peak, and an end date of breeding (i.e., first capture night, the capture night when most toads were captured, and last capture night, respectively). These calendar dates were all transformed into days of the year (where January 1st is 1), to facilitate modelling of long-term trends.   Weather Data We obtained climatic data for the period 1980–2020 from the DaymetCH dataset (data obtained from Bioclimatic maps of Switzerland © WSL, based on station data from the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and elaborated by the Land Change Science group, WSL). This dataset consists of a 100-metre resolution grid of interpolated estimates of weather variables, using meteorological data from ground stations and the Daymet software (Thornton et al., 1997). We obtained data for the cell containing the breeding pond for the following variables: daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperature, daily total precipitation, and daily snow water equivalent (SWE; the equivalent amount of water stored in the snow pack). We then calculated average seasonal minimum daily temperatures (winter and spring), and cumulative seasonal precipitation (spring) and SWE (winter and spring). The csv file Season_values store these measures (one value for each of the 5 climatic variables per year, for the period 1982-2020, as the study on the toads started in 1982). We conducted all the analyses in R (R version 4.1.1; R Core Team, 2020) with RStudio (version 2022.7.1.554; R Studio Team, 2022).

Four-dimensional horizontal wind fields retrieved from FY4B GIIRS during typhoon Mulan (2022)

This dataset is the four-dimensional (time, pressure, u, v) wind fields retrieved from FY4B GIIRS observations during typhoon Mulan (2022) with a 15-minute interval.

Big Dipper in Four Seasons

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   As Earth moves around the Sun, the positions of the stars in the night sky appear to change over the course of the year. This is well exemplified in this mosaic, with images taken in all four seasons throughout 2020 in the region of Veneto, Italy, showing the apparent motion of the Ursa Minor and Ursa Major constellations. Ursa Minor, the Little Bear, is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, and it contains the northern celestial pole, in our current epoch marked by a bright star called Polaris or the Pole Star. For centuries Polaris has been used for navigation in the northern hemisphere, as it has been almost at the exact pole position for roughly 200 years. In the Middle Ages and antiquity, there was no pole star; the celestial north pole lay in a dark region and the Greeks considered the “Little She-Bear” as a companion of the “Great She-Bear”, which is more easily recognizable. The brightest stars of these constellations were alternatively also considered as chariots by the Greeks, as written in Aratus’s famous didactic poem from the 3rd century before the common era. The most famous asterism in Ursa Major, composed of seven stars, has different names across the (northern) world. While considered as a chariot by the Greeks, it is “The Northern Dipper” in China, and “The Seven Oxen” for the ancient Romans. It was also the navigational purpose that led to the name The Great She-Bear, Ursa Major; for the Greeks, travelling towards the direction of the horizon above which Ursa Major appears meant moving towards the land of the bears (northern Europe). An animal is clearly recognizable when taking into account all the fainter stars in the vicinity of the seven bright ones. They considered it a female bear because Greek mythology connects this animal with the nymph Callisto, whose story describes the initiation rituals for women. In the top left, we see an image taken on a spring evening, while the image below shows the same portion of the sky on a summer evening. Going counterclockwise, we see the sky during autumn in the bottom right image, while the top right finally shows this portion of the sky in the winter. Note that the relative positions of Ursa Minor and the Big Dipper don’t change, but all stars appear to be moved in a circle around Polaris. This star pointing due north lies at the point where Earth’s rotational axis intersects the celestial sphere. The shift of constellations throughout the year is therefore a globe-clock or a globe-calendar, used by ancient civilizations to measure the year, and to predict the changes of seasons. It helps to establish, for instance, the best time for sowing and sailing as winds change with the seasons. Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

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Effects of mycotoxin treatment on fly survival, development time, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity in four mycophagous Drosophila species

Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans-tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Serialis communis (a) and Serialis crassitesta (b); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique lateral view of fruit showing three laterally coherent seeds from which the fruit wall has been almost completely lost showing the prominent micropylar region; b) Oblique lateral view of fruit containing three or four laterally coherent seeds with their micropylar regions oriented to the left. Specimens, Catefica MM92-P0167 (a), Catefica MM92-P0169 (b). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Serialis communis (a) and Serialis crassitesta (b); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique lateral view of fruit showing three laterally coherent seeds from which the fruit wall has been almost completely lost showing the prominent micropylar region; b) Oblique lateral view of fruit containing three or four laterally coherent seeds with their micropylar regions oriented to the left. Specimens, Catefica MM92-P0167 (a), Catefica MM92-P0169 (b). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b).

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f).

Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h).

FIG. 15 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 15. — Holotype of Phoebe petelotii Kosterm. ex de Kok, sp. nov., held at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (P00752532).

FIG. 11 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 11. — Plate of Listea rubrobrunnea de Kok, sp. nov.: A, twig with leaves and infructescence; B, infructescence with fruit; C, detail of leaf under surface. All from Poilane 29117 (P02035874). Drawing by Giulia Iaconelli. Scale bars: A, 4 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 1.5 cm.

FIG. 14 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 14. — Holotype of Machilus coriacea A.Chev. ex de Kok, sp. nov., held at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (P02004544).

FIG. 12 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 12. — Distribution of Litsea rubrobrunnea de Kok, sp. nov. (), Litsea salmonea A.Chev. ex de Kok, sp. nov. (), Machilus coriacea A.Chev. ex de Kok, sp. nov. (), Neocinnamomum huongsonensis Kim Dao, sp. nov. () and Phoebe petelotii Kosterm. ex de Kok, sp. nov. ().

FIG. 9 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 9. — Plate of Litsea honbaensis de Kok, sp. nov.: A, twig with leaves, inflorescence and infructescence; B, infructescence with fruit; C, detail of leaf under surface. All from Poilane 13165 (P01155417). Drawing by Giulia Iaconelli. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 1.5 cm; C, 0.5 cm.

FIG. 8 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 8. — Plate of Cinnamomum scalarinervium Kosterm. ex de Kok, sp. nov.: A, twig with leaves, inflorescence and infructescence; B, fruit with cupule; C, detail of leaf under surface. All from Poilane 7077 (P00333195). Drawing by Giulia Iaconelli. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 1 cm; C, 0.5 cm.

FIG. 6 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 6. — Holotype of Cinnamomum petelotii Kosterm. ex de Kok, sp. nov., held at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (P01964546).

FIG. 10 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 10. — Plate of Litsea nhatrangensis de Kok, sp. nov.: A, twig with leaves; B, infructescence with fruit; C, detail of leaf under surface. All from Poilane 5019 (P04456803). Drawing by Giulia Iaconelli. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 1 cm.

FIG. 4 in The Lauraceae Juss. of Indo-China: fifteen new species, four new combinations and two neotypifications

FIG. 4. — Holotype of Cinnamomum kostermannii de Kok, sp. nov., held at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (P04023107).