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Figure 2 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 2 - Succession of carbon content (left y-axis and black line) and species diversity (right y-axis and striped line) in a stand after the destruction of the trees by fire. After the fire, the carbon content is low with Cicindela hybrida and the sticky bun (Suillus luteus) as characteristic species (left photographs). In 100 years old stands the carbon content is high with Carabus intricatus and the dotted stem bolete Boletus erythropus as characteristic species (right photographs) (from Szyszko 2007).
Figure 3 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 3 - a Relationship between the age of a forest stand and thickness of the litter layer b relationship between the thickness of the litter layer and the weight of carbon per 1 sq. m (from Szyszko et al. 2003).
Figure 6 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 6 - Landscape species in a heterogenous landscape. The lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests, and hunts in wastelands. The crane (Grus grus) nests in peat bogs and hunts in wastelands. The kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests and hunts in clear-cut areas. The black stork (Ciconia nigra) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests and hunts in peat bogs (from Szyszko 2007).
Figure 1 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 1 - A natural forest with a carbon content within the limit of 350 tons per ha and a mean individual biomass (MIB) for carabid beetles exceeding 350 mg and with species characteristic for that environmental system. Lucanus cervus – a species linked to old decaying oak wood (top right), Cerambyx cerdo – a species linked to living old oaks (top left), Boletus erythropus – a mycorrhizal species occurring in soils with a historically well developed soil profile (bottom right), Carabus intricatus – a species occurring in old forest environmental systems with an easily decomposing duff (bottom left).
Figure 5 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 5 - Examples of several habitats with different carbon contents and different characteristic carabid species, building a heterogenous landscape. Top left – a natural forest with a carbon content of 350 ton per ha with Carabus coriaceus, top right – arable land with a carbon content 20 tons per ha with Cicindela campestris, in the middle – a peatbog with a very high content of carbon per ha with Panagaeus bipustulatus, bottom left – a clear-cut with a carbon content of ca. 90 tons per ha with Harpalus rufitarsis, Bottom right – a timber stand with the carbon content 124 tons with Carabus nemoralis (from Szyszko 2007).
Figure 4 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547
Figure 4 - The occurrence of characteristic birds, carabid beetles and fungi as well as the structure of the carbon content in tons per ha in a forest stand, litter and mineral soil up to 10 cm in depth in a: a 10 year old pine stand with a MIB value of about 50 mg, created after the clear-cut of a timber pine stand (more than 100 years old) b ca. 60 year old pine stand with a MIB value about 250 mg. c ca. 80 year old beech stand created from the undergrowth after the clear-cut of a pine stand with a MIB value of about 350 mg. In all graphs the annual accumulation of carbon in that stand, the value of such accumulation and the value of the entire carbon content (forest stand + litter + mineral soil) are expressed in carbon dioxide at the prices of the European Emission Trade System on 15.08.2008 (all graphs from Szyszko 2007).
Figure 7 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 7 - Strict consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees (L = 314; ci = 0.28; ri = 0.56). Characters are mapped onto the consensus only if their optimization is not ambiguous and if they are present among all the MPTs. The consensus is used to map homoplasy at the level of characters. Black rectangles represent single, non-homoplasious character state transformations, and white rectangles represent multiple, homoplasious character state transformations. The number depicted above each rectangle represents the character and the number below the rectangle represents the character state. The bigger number below the branches corresponds to Bootstrap values over 50%. The combination of characters for each terminal is not shown. Three important synapomorphies are illustrated in the cladogram: the filiform antennae (3:0), as the single synapomorphy of the tribe, and the number of spermathecal tubes (41:1) plus the terminal position of the accessory gland (49:2), as the synapomorphies supporting a mostly Neotropical clade. These character states are reported for the first time for the tribe. Two shades of gray in the cladogram indicate the subtribe to which the terminals belong (except Nautes). Colors in the terminals indicate their geographic distribution. Below seven terminals the former classification (genus or subgenus) is shown. An asterisk indicates the type species included in the analysis: Tarpela browni and Nautes fervidus.
Figure 6 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 6 - Aedeagal characters (male genitalia) representing the different morphological types found in or sample of Helopini: A evident setae (57: 0) representing the helopiod type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a, 2005), distributed over half of the parameres (58:0), illustrated from Helops caeruleus (Linnaeus), not included in the analysis (lateral view) B evident setae (57:0); representing the catomoid type (Nabozhenko 2006), distributed over two thirds of parameres (58:1) in Nautes fervidus Pascoe C not evident setae over parameres (57:1) representing the nalassoid type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a, 2002b), illustrated from Odocnemis californicus Mannerheim D parameres not convergent (59:1), with blunt apex (62:0) in Helops caeruleus (ventral view) E parameres not convergent (59:1) with weakly constricted apex (61:1) in Nautes fervidus F parameres convergent (59:0), with acute (60:1) not constricted apex (62:1) in O. californicus.
Figure 4 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 4 - Internal morphological characters (female genitalia) representing the different morphological types found in our sample of Helopini ag = accessory gland, sp = spermatheca, st = spermathecal tube(s), cd = common duct of accessory gland and spermatheca, v = vagina, ov = oviduct: A infundibular vagina (40:0), single spermatheca branched near its base (41:0, 42:0) and accessory gland in the common duct (49:1) illustrated from Helops insignis Germar representing the helopiod type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a, 2002b, 2005) B vagina strongly curved and narrowed before the apex (40:1), single spermatheca not branched near the base (41:0, 42:1) illustrated from Nalassus plebejus Küster representing the nalassoid type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a, 2002b) C female genital tract with three serial spermathecal tubes (41:1) close to each other (43:0) and terminal accessory gland (49:2) in Helops farctus LeConte, illustrating the pattern previously reported for some Pimeliinae species (Doyen 1994), here reported for the first time in Tenebrioninae D distant spermathecal tubes (43:1) in Helops perforatus Horn with terminal accessory gland (49:2), illustrating a pattern described here for the first time. Total length of the accessory gland is not represented in A and B.
Figure 2 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 2 - Examples of non-traditional external characters in Helopini: A reduced recurrent cell (rc) (26:0) in fully developed wing (25:1) of Helops californicus Mannerheim B wide recurrent cell (rc) (26:1) in fully developed wing (25:1) of Tarpela aerifera Allard C head width and interocular width (6:0) and pronotum width and length (18:0) in Tarpela costata Champion 1887, showing a gibbous pronotum disk surface (8:0), with very dense (9:0) and very deep (10:0) pronotum punctures.
Figure 1 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 1 - Examples of external characters (mainly diagnostic), traditionally used in Helops, Tarpela and Nautes, (number of character: character state): A broad apical antennomere (5:0), shorter than the third antennomere (4:0) illustrated from Helops aereus Germar B filiform apical antennomeres (5:2), as long as the third antennomere (4:1) illustrated from Nautes fervidus Pascoe C male maxillary palps with length of inner edge 2.6–2.9 times the length of posterior edge (7:2) illustrated from Nautes chrysomeloides Champion D third lobate segment of male tarsi (30:0) and short fourth tarsomere (31:0) illustrated from Nautes fervidus E not prominent prosternum (27:1) in Helops cisteloides Germar F prominent-acute prosternum (27:0) in Nautes fervidus.
Figure 3 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 3 - Internal morphological characters (female genitalia) in Helopini: A length of paraproct (pp) three or more times length of coxite (cx) (39:0) illustrated from the ovipositor of Helops cisteloides Germar B long gonostyles (gt) (37:1) with wide apex (38:1), represented by the ovipositor of Odocnemis exaratus Germar, not included in the analysis C reduced gonostyles (37:0), with base as wide as apex (38:0) represented by the ovipositor of Tarpela micans (Fabricius), not included in the analysis D blunt, narrow apex of eighth sternite (33:0), not evident arms (34:1) and not dilated distal end of the spiculum ventrale (sv) (35:1) illustrated from Helops cisteloides E trapeziform apex of eighth sternite (33:1), evident arms (34:0) and dilated distal end of spiculum ventrale (35:0), represented by sclerite of Odocnemis exaratus.
Figure 5 from: Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Zaragoza-Caballero S, Ochoterena-Booth H, Morón Rios M (2014) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification. ZooKeys 415: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6882
Figure 5 - Internal morphological characters (male genitalia) representing the different morphological types found in our sample of Helopini: A pleural rods of gastral spicula close only at the end (50:2), representing the nalassoid type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a), illustrated from Stenomax aeneus (Scopoli) B pleural rods of gastral spicula close towards the middle of their length (50:0), representing the helopiod type (Nabozhenko 2001b, 2002a, 2005), illustrated from Tarpela micans (Fabricius), not included in the analysis C narrow and acute lobes of eighth sternite (54:1) and deep notch (52:0) in Helops farctus LeConte D broad lobes of eighth sternite (54:0) and shallow notch (52:1) in Stenomax aeneus E projected anterior part of basal piece (basal piece "J" shaped) in Odocnemis californicus Mannerheim (67:0) F anterior part of basal piece not projected in Nautes fervidus Pascoe (67:1), character state used for the first time in this study.
Figure 4 from: Vendl T, Šípek P (2016) Immature stages of giants: morphology and growth characteristics of Goliathus Lamarck, 1801 larvae indicate a predatory way of life (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). ZooKeys 619: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.619.8145
Figure 4 - Individual growth trajectories of the fully nourished larva (red line), partly nourished larvae (black and blue lines) and undernourished larva (green line). Evidently, the absence of proteins in larval diet had profound consequences on development. In the third instar, the starved larvae were able to resume growth immediately after the addition of protein to their diet. The inset image shows mean growth of all eleven partly nourished larvae 40 days before and after pellet supply (SPS), irrespective of actual time of pellet supply. Means ± standard errors are depicted.
Figure 3 from: Vendl T, Šípek P (2016) Immature stages of giants: morphology and growth characteristics of Goliathus Lamarck, 1801 larvae indicate a predatory way of life (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). ZooKeys 619: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.619.8145
Figure 3 - Immature stages of the genus Goliathus: A Goliathus orientalis, left mandible, dorsal, medial and ventral aspect B Goliathus orientalis, maxillar stridulatory teeth, lateral aspects C Goliathus orientalis, detail of mala and unci, ventro-lateral aspect D Goliathus orientalis, right mandible dorsal, medial and ventral aspect E Goliathus albosignatus, thoracic spiracle F–H prothoracic leg (F Goliathus albosignatus G Goliathus goliatus H Goliathus orientalis) I–J tibiotarsus and preatarsus (claw) (I Goliathus albosignatus J Goliathus goliatus K Goliathus orientalis) L–N raster (L Goliathus albosignatus M Goliathus goliatus N Goliathus orientalis). Scale bars: 1 mm (when not otherwise specified), 0.1 mm (A, B, C); 0.5 mm (D)
Figure 2 from: Vendl T, Šípek P (2016) Immature stages of giants: morphology and growth characteristics of Goliathus Lamarck, 1801 larvae indicate a predatory way of life (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). ZooKeys 619: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.619.8145
Figure 2 - . Immature stages of the genus Goliathus: A–C right antenna, dorsal and ventral aspect (A Goliathus albosignatus B Goliathus goliatus C Goliathus orientalis) D–F maxillo-labial complex, dorsal aspect (D Goliathus albosignatus E Goliathus goliatus F Goliathus orientalis) G–I Goliathus albosignatus, mandibles (G left mandible, dorsal and ventral aspects H right mandible, dorsal and ventral aspects I stridulatory area J–L Goliathus goliatus, mandibles (J left mandible, dorsal and ventral aspects K right mandible, dorsal and ventral aspects I stridulatory area. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Vendl T, Šípek P (2016) Immature stages of giants: morphology and growth characteristics of Goliathus Lamarck, 1801 larvae indicate a predatory way of life (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). ZooKeys 619: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.619.8145
Figure 1 - Immature stages of the genus Goliathus: A–C habitus (A Goliathus albosignatus B Goliathus goliatus C Goliathus orientalis) D, F, H epipharynx (D Goliathus albosignatus F Goliathus goliatus H Goliathus orientalis) E, G, I cranium (E Goliathus albosignatus G Goliathus goliatus I Goliathus orientalis). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Decker P (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of the Australian trans-Bass Strait millipede genus Pogonosternum (Carl, 1912) (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae) indicates multiple glacial refugia in southeastern Australia. ZooKeys 578: 15-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.578.8052
Figure 1 - Map of Southeast Australia showing the distribution of Pogonosternum sampling sites with site numbers (see Table 1 and Suppl. material 1 for further details). Pogonosternum adrianae (light green), Pogonosternum laetificum (green), Pogonosternum nigrovirgatum s. l./coniferum (yellow), Pogonosternum sp. A (red), Pogonosternum sp. B (blue).
Figure 3 from: Decker P (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of the Australian trans-Bass Strait millipede genus Pogonosternum (Carl, 1912) (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae) indicates multiple glacial refugia in southeastern Australia. ZooKeys 578: 15-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.578.8052
Figure 3 - Maximum likelihood tree for the nuclear 28S dataset, 1000 bootstrap replicates, values below 70 not shown.
Figure 2 from: Decker P (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of the Australian trans-Bass Strait millipede genus Pogonosternum (Carl, 1912) (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae) indicates multiple glacial refugia in southeastern Australia. ZooKeys 578: 15-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.578.8052
Figure 2 - Maximum likelihood tree for the combined mitochondrial COI+16S dataset, 1000 bootstrap replicates, values below 70 not shown. The bootstrap values of ML and posterior probabilities of BI are given above and below the corresponding branches, respectively, for all major clades. Scale bar = substitutions per site. Coloured blocks indicate species groups. Color of branches refers to the major subregions shown in the map, Tasmanian branches thicker. General differences in male gonopod morphology are shown by sketches of the apical region of the right gonopod not drawn to scale. Coloured lines link those analysed specimens that have similar gonopod morphology. Posterior view = post.; lateral view = lat.; anterior view = ant.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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