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opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

Figure 7 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 7. Species distribution models for the Cordylus minor species complex at four time-slices under a scenario that assumes four separate taxa (non-synonymy of the Karoo taxa) for the (A) Present, (B) Mid-Holocene (6 Kya), (C) Last Glacial Maximum (21 Kya) and (D) Last Interglacial (120 Kya) with shading showing the areas of suitability at the 10% training presence logistic threshold (Supporting Information, Table S5). The most suitable areas for each species are overlaid to show the areas of connectivity between taxa. The location of C. imkeae is indicated by the white diamond.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 2. Girdled lizards in the Cordylus minor species complex from South Africa according to the original taxonomy – (A) C. aridus (type locality), (B) C. cloetei (near type locality), (C) C. minor (type locality), (D) C. imkeae (type locality), (E) C. mclachlani, (F) C. cordylus.

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Figure 1 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 1. (A) Terrain in the Karoo and the Great Escarpment, South Africa, and (B) Map of the study area with records for taxa in the Cordylus minor species complex (Cordylus aridus – triangles, C. cloetei – circles, C. imkeae – diamond, C. minor – squares). Symbols with a black dot indicate localities of samples included in the genetic analyses. Recent grid cells surveyed are indicated by squares, and the type localities for each species are indicated by arrows.

FIG. 6. Standardized Precipitation Index for the 6 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 6. Standardized Precipitation Index for the 6-mo interval that encompasses winter rainfall at Palm Springs during the course of the study. Rainfall intervals were standardized against all other November through April intervals since 1927/28. An index of 0 to -0.99 indicates mild drought, -1.00 to -1.49 moderate drought, -1.50 to -1.99 severe drought, and -2.00 to -3.00 extreme drought. Positive index values indicate wet years and horizontal lines designate severe drought-year and severe wet-year thresholds.

FIG. 5 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 5. Home range exhibits logistic growth over time for both sexes of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards (U. inornata). The asymptote estimated from a logistic growth equation is 1,025 m2 for females and 4,523 m2 for males.

FIG. 2 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 2. Age-size relationship for the Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizard (Uma inornata) showing the mean length (SVL) at each age with sample sizes for all individuals measured during the study. Vertical bars are at 95% confidence interval (CI). Data include individuals that were measured multiple times during the study (n = 3,316).

FIG. 1 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 1. The study site showing sparse vegetation and aeolian sand; lizards use the accretion dunes that form on the leeward side of vegetation. An adult female Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizard (Uma inornata) is shown in the inset.

FIG. 3 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 3. Sighting frequency of all individual Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards (Uma inornata) between 1985 and 2015.

FIG. 4 in A Long-term Study of Home Range of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata

FIG. 4. Example of changes in HR size and location over the lifetime of an individual male Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizard (U. inornata) from the 1995 hatchling cohort.

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Associated costs of mitigation-driven translocation in small lizards

Figure 2. Regression plots showing the relationship between the distance moved by the lizards and the change in (a) body condition, and (b) intensity of mite infestation between capture and recapture.

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Figure 1 in Associated costs of mitigation-driven translocation in small lizards

Figure 1. Plots according to model averaging and crossvalidation (see table 1) showing the significant effect of the translocation experiment on (a) the distance moved (F1, 37 = 8.53, P = 0.006) and (b) the change in body condition (F1, 36 = 4.16, P = 0.048) of the males of Psammodromus algirus. Box shows mean ± SE and whisker confidence intervals (95%).

Figure 3 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 3. Example of Grad-CAM heatmaps obtained for Podarcis lusitanicus. The upper images show two common patterns observed in male dorsal images (also found, albeit with some differences, in females). The bottom images exhibit the patterns most frequently found in male and female head lateral images (here illustrated in two females).

Figure 2 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 2. Confusion matrix for male (upper) and female (lower) image classification for the two-class case based on a combination of predictions from six models. Abbreviations used: Pboc, P. bocagei; Plus, P. lusitanicus.

Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species.

Figure 1 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 1. The two image types analysed in this study (before pre-processing): above, a dorsal view; below, a head lateral image. Both images correspond to the same Podarcis Ʋaucheri s.l. male.

Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images.

Figure 4 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 4. Confusion matrix for male (upper) and female (lower) image classification for the nine-class experiment based on a combination of predictions from six models. Abbreviations used: Pboc, P. bocagei; Pcar, P. carbonelli; Phis, P. hispanicus; Plio, P. liolepis; Plus, P. lusitanicus; Pvsl, P. Ʋaucheri s.l.; Pvss, P. Ʋaucheri s.s.; Pvir, P. Ʋirescens.

opennotspecifiedMay 2023View details →

FIGURE 11 in Rediscovery, range extension, phylogenetic relationships and updated diagnosis of the Ornate Long-tailed Lizard Latastia ornata Monard, 1940 (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 11. Phylogenetic tree of the Eremiadinae species related to the genus Latastia (clade B 1 in Mayer & Pavlicev 2007) reconstructed using Bayesian inference on the basis of the 12S DNA fragment. The sequence of Ophisops elegans (clade B 2 in Mayer & Pavlicev 2007) was used to root the tree. Species names are given in the labels, followed by specimen identification and DNA sequence GenBank accession number. Latastia ornata is written in bold. Values at nodes represent posterior probabilities (nodes with support <0.95 are collapsed).

opennotspecifiedMay 2023View details →

FIGURE 9 in Rediscovery, range extension, phylogenetic relationships and updated diagnosis of the Ornate Long-tailed Lizard Latastia ornata Monard, 1940 (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic trees of the Eremiadinae species related to the genus Latastia (clade B1 in Mayer & Pavlicev 2007) reconstructed using Bayesian inference on the basis of A) the concatenation of the three DNA fragments sequenced here (cytb, 12S and c-mos) or of B) c-mos only. Sequences of Ophisops elegans (clade B2 in Mayer & Pavlicev 2007) were used to root the tree. Species names are given in the labels, followed by specimen identification and DNA sequence GenBank accession number (for c-mos). Latastia ornata is written in bold. Values at nodes represent posterior probabilities (nodes with support <0.95 are collapsed).