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FIG. 14 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 14. Detail of orbit of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: etf, ethmoidal foramen; lacf, lacrimal foramen; ocr, orbital crest; opf, optic foramen; otc, orbitotemporal canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; spalf, sphenopalatine foramen. Arrow points rostrally.

FIG. 10 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 10. Virtual parasagittal section through choana of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Light gray areas within skull represent unremoved matrix. Caudally-situated vacuity between nasal aperture and nasopharynx is here denoted as "true" nasal cavity (tncav), as it would have acted as the most direct air passageway in life. Primitive nasal cavity (mnv, meatus nasi ventralis) persists as a diverticulum, lacking an external aperture at front of rostrum. Note substantial thickness of rostralmost portions of premaxilla/maxilla at front of long, comparatively gracile rostrum. Other abbreviations: chl, cochlea; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cavity; Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns?, possible distorted portion of nasal septum; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.

FIG. 13. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 13. A–E, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: a, aditus to frontal sinus; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; fdv, foramen for frontal diploëic vein; fo, foramen ovale; fs, frontal sinus; J, jugal; na, nasal aperture; ob, position of olfactory bulb; otc, orbitotemporal canal; pl, position of piriform lobe; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; sf, supraorbital foramen with perforating canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinals. Letter x, identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 17. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 17. A–E, Virtual subhorizontal and subcoronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANI- GLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: J, jugal; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pl, position of piriform lobe; ptc, posttemporal canal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; sfs, septum sinuum frontalium; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); tvs, transverse sinus canal; ve, position of vermis. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 6 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 6. — Pleuroceras transiens (Frentzen, 1937): A, B, specimen UPMC-175, Outcrop 1, bed 8, 9; C, D, E, specimen UPMC-176, Outcrop 1, bed 8, 9. Amaltheus margaritatus Montfort, 1808; F, G, specimen UPMC-187, Outcrop 1, bed 13. Amaltheus salebrosum Hyatt, 1867; H, I, specimen UPMC-188, Outcrop 1, bed 13. Scale bar: 1 cm. The arrows indicate the beginning of the body chamber.

FIG. 8 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 8. – Pleuroceras spinatum (Bruguière, 1789): A, B, specimen UPMC-209, Outcrop 1, bed 20; C, specimen UPMC-208; D, E, speci- men UPMC-220, Outcrop 1, bed 20. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 3. — Abbreviations of the dimensional parameters used in the systematic descriptions: D, shell diameter; h, whorl height starting from the umbilical seam to the beginning of the forward projection of the rib; Ph, phragmocone diameter; U, umbilicus diameter; Wh, whorl height; Wb, whorl breadth.

FIG. 4 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 4. — Amaltheus margaritatus Montfort, 1808: A, B, specimen UPMC-137, Outcrop 1, bed 3, Amaltheus gibbosus (Schlotheim, 1820); C, D, specimen UPMC-100, Outcrop 1, bed 3; E, F, specimen UPMC-138, Outcrop 1, bed 3. Scale bar: 1 cm. The arrows indicate the beginning of the body chamber.

FIG. 7 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 7. — Pleuroceras spinatum (Bruguière, 1789): A, specimen UPMC-189, Outcrop 1, bed 13. Pleuroceras solare (Phillips, 1829); B, C, specimen UPMC-190, Outcrop 1, bed 13; D, E, specimen UPMC-200, Outcrop 1, bed 16. Pleuroceras solare trapezoidiforme (Maubeuge, 1951); F, G, specimen UPMC-202, Outcrop 1, bed 16. Pleuroceras cf. spinatum (Bruguière, 1789); H, I, specimen UPMC- 201, Outcrop 1, bed 16. Scale bar: 1 cm. The arrows indicate the beginning of the body chamber.

FIG. 5 in Late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) ammonites from Lac de Charmes (Haute-Marne, France): Systematic, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 5. — Amaltheus margaritatus Montfort, 1808: A, B, specimen UPMC-104, Outcrop 1, bed 3; E, F, specimen UPMC-147, Outcrop 1, bed 5. Amaltheus gibbosus (Schlotheim, 1820); I, J, specimen UPMC-148, Outcrop 1, bed 5; Amauroceras ferrugineum (Simpson, 1855); C, D, specimen UPMC-140, Outcrop 1, bed 3; G, H, specimen UPMC-139, Outcrop 1, bed 3. Amaltheus salebrosum Hyatt, 1867; K, L, specimen UPMC-225, Outcrop 1, bed 7. Pleuroceras transiens (Frentzen, 1937); M, O, specimen UPMC-174, Outcrop 1, beds 8, 9. Scale bars: 1 cm. The arrows indicate the beginning of the body chamber.

FIG. 32 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 32. — Weight spectra of the bovid assemblages of Pikermi (left), Samos (middle-down) and Maragheh (right-top) combined with the geographic distribution of Turolian Mesopithecus Wagner, 1939 (data from NOW 2010, http://www.helsinki.fi/science/now). For explanation see text.

FIG. 30 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 30.— Bovidae indet.,upper left molar (?M3) (MMTT1A/339) from Maragheh in occlusal (A) and labial (B) views. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 26 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 26. — Miotragocerus sp.cranium (NHML M3838) from Maragheh in lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 24 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 24. — Miotragocerus cf. maius (Meladze, 1967) from Maragheh: A, B, frontlet (MNHN.F.MAR1311) in frontal (A) and lateral (B) views and left horn-core (MNHN.F.MAR1073) in frontal (C) and medial (D) views. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 23 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 23. — Principal Component Analysis of metacarpal measurements (Length, Transverse diameter at the proximal and distal epiphysis, and at the middle of the diaphysis) in several Miocene (marked in dark grey), Plio-Pleistocene (marked in grey) and living (marked in white) bovids, with indication of the basic outline of the bone at the same scale. Abbreviations and collection numbers: MLA216, Urmiatherium rugosifrons (Sickenberg, 1932) from Samos, Greece (Kostopoulos 2009a); Loc 116, Baode Loc 116, Urmiatherium Rodler, 1889 or Plesiaddax Bohlin, 1935 from China (Bohlin 1935a); "P." inundatus, questionable Plesiaddax from Garkin, Turkey (data from KÖhler 1993); MMTT13/2462, Urmiatherium polaki Rodler, 1889 from Maragheh; MAR, Maragheh. For explanation see text.

FIG. 28 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 28. — Tragoportax cf. amalthea (Roth & Wagner, 1854) from Maragheh: palate (MMTT13/1346) and frontlet (MMTT13/1339) of possibly the same young adult individual in lateral view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 21 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 21. — Urmiatherium polaki Rodler, 1889 left mandible (MNHN.F.MAR1035) from Maragheh in occlusal (A), labial (B) and lingual (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 29 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 29. — Samokeros minotaurus Solounias, 1981 from Maragheh and Samos: A, B, cranium (MNHN.F.MAR1396) from Maragheh in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views; C, skull (AMNH23036) in lateral view; D-F, right mandibular ramus (MNHN.F.MAR3229) in occlusal (D), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; G, left toothrow of the cranium (MNHN.F.MAR1396) in occlusal view; H, right toothrow of the palate (MNHN.F.MAR3209) in occlusal view. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 22 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 22. — Urmiatherium polaki Rodler, 1889 metacarpal bone (MMTT13/2462) from Maragheh in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 20 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 20. — Urmiatherium polaki Rodler, 1889 cranium (MNHN.F.MAR3215) with attached cervical vertebrae from Maragheh in lateral view. Scale bar: 5 cm.