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FIG. 1 in Selection and habitat-speci®c allozyme variation in the self-fertilizing land snail Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. MuÈller)
FIG. 1. Sampling areas of the 29 populations of Cochlicopa lubrica. A 5 Austria, CZ 5 Czech Republic, D 5 Germany, F 5 France. (1) Habitats near Lake Constance with populations Nos 1 1 1A; 2 1 2A; 3 1 3A; 4 1 4A; 5 1 5A; elevation above sea level: ca 400 m. (2) Habitats around the city of TuÈbingen with populations Nos 6 1 6A; 7 1 7A; 8; 9 1 9A; 10A; 11; 12; 13; elevation: ca 400±450 m. (3) Limestone high land of the Swabian Alp with population No. 17; elevation: ca 600 m. (4) Hill land in the AllgaÈu with population No. 14; elevation ca 600 m. (5) Low land in northern Germany with population No. 15; elevation ca 30 m. (6) Low land in the north east of Germany with population No. 19A; elevation ca 50 m. (7) South-east of Berlin with population No. 16; elevation ca 100 m. (8) Low land of the river Ohre with population No. 21A; elevation ca 300 m. (9) High land of the Alps with population No. 20A; elevation ca 900 m. (10) Mountain area of the Vosges with population No. 18. elevation ca 800 m.
FIG. 3. Conchological diOEerentiation among the homozygous genotypes Aat 1 in Selection and habitat-speci®c allozyme variation in the self-fertilizing land snail Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. MuÈller)
FIG. 3. Conchological diOEerentiation among the homozygous genotypes Aat 1`20 ' and Aat 1`80' of Cochlicopa lubrica. The two groups are very similar with respect to the four shell dimensions. Discriminant scores are extracted with`shell height',`shell diameter',`diameter of the last whorl' and`diameter of the penultimate shell whorl'. Data of 316 shells are incorporated.
FIGURE 14 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 14. Hungerfordia expansilabris sp. nov. (A1–A4) A topotypic paratype, B0480a; (B) columella (left lateral view), a paratype from Loc. BA6-1, B0667a; (C) axial ribs above the aperture after removal of the parietal margin of inner peristome, (D1) sculpture on the penultimate whorl, and (D2) sculpture on the body whorl of a topotypic paratype (B0480a); (E) umbilical view of a paratype after removal of the spiny ribs and the outer peristome, only the last whorl shown, Loc. BA6-1, B0667b; (F1–F5) holotype, B0480T; (G) a paratype from Loc. BA5-4, B0472; (H) a paratype from Loc. BA6-1, B0667c; (I1, I2) outer surface, and (I3, I4) inner surface of operculum, a topotypic paratype, B0480. Scale bars, 1mm (A–H), 0.5 mm (I). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
Greater Prairie-chicken data used in "Responses to land cover and grassland management vary across life-history stages for a grassland specialist"
<p>Grassland birds have exhibited dramatic and widespread declines since the mid-20th century. Greater Prairie-Chickens (<i>Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus</i>) are considered an umbrella species for grassland conservation and are frequent targets of management, but their responses to land use and management can be quite variable. We used data collected during 2007-2009 and 2014-2015 to investigate effects of land use and grassland management practices on habitat selection and survival rates of Greater Prairie-Chickens in central Wisconsin, USA. We examined habitat, nest-site, and brood-rearing site selection by hens and modeled effects of land cover and management on survival rates of hens, nests, and broods. Prairie-chickens consistently selected grassland over other cover types, but selection or avoidance of management practices varied among life-history stages. Hen, nest, and brood survival rates were influenced by different land cover types and management practices. At the landscape scale, hens selected areas where brush and trees had been removed during the previous year, which increased hen survival. Hens selected nest sites in hay fields and brood-rearing sites in burned areas, but prescribed fire had a negative influence on hen survival. Brood survival rates were positively associated with grazing and were highest when home ranges contained ≈15-20% shrub/tree cover. The effects of landscape composition on nest survival were ambiguous. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of evaluating responses to management efforts across a range of life history stages, and suggest that a variety of management practices are likely necessary to provide structurally heterogeneous, high-quality habitat for Greater Prairie-Chickens. Brush and tree removal, grazing, hay cultivation, and prescribed fire may be especially beneficial for prairie-chickens in central Wisconsin, but trade-offs among life-history stages and the timing of management practices must be considered carefully.</p>
FIGURE 29 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 29. Shell size and shape variation among Hungerfordia species with highly developed ribs. (A) H. triplochilus sp. nov., holotype; (B) H. expansilabris sp. nov., holotype; (C) H. nudicollum sp. nov., holotype; (D) H. echinata echinata sp. et subsp. nov., holotype; (E) H. echinata tubulispina subsp. nov., holotype; (F1) H. lamellata (Crosse, 1866), B0199a; (F2) H. lamellata (Crosse, 1866), B0282b; (G) H. alata (Crosse, 1866), B0446; (H) H. pteropurpuroides sp. nov., holotype; (I1) H. subalata sp. nov., paratype (B0655); (I2) H. subalata sp. nov., holotype; (J) H. papilio stenoptera subsp. nov., holotype; (K) H. papilio papilio sp. et subsp. nov., holotype; (L) H. goniobasis dmasechensis subsp. nov., holotype; (M) H. goniobasis goniobasis sp. et subsp. nov., holotype; (N) H. elegantissima sp. nov., holotype; (O1) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, B0542; (O2) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, B0383. Scale bar, 1mm. All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 27 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 27. Hungerfordia papilio papilio sp. et subsp. nov. (A1–A4) A paratype from Loc. Gk4-3, B0374a; (B) columella (dorsal view), (C) axial ribs above the aperture, and (D) sculpture on the last 2–4 whorls of paratypes from Loc. Gk4-3 (B0374a, b); (E) a paratype after removal of the winged ribs, Loc. Gk4-3, B0374c; (F) a paratype from Gk4-3, B0374d; (G1– G4) holotype, B0434T; (H) a paratype from Loc. Gk6-3, B0858; (I) a paratypes from Loc. Gk7-3, B0963; (J) umbilical view of a paratype after removal of the winged ribs, Loc. Gk4-3, B0374c; (K1, K2) outer surface, and (K3, K4) inner surface of operculum of a paratype, Loc. Gk4-3, B0374. Scale bars, 1mm (A–J), 0.5 mm (K). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 13 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 13. Hungerfordia triplochilus sp. nov. (A1–A5) A topotypic paratype, B0158a; (B) columellar tooth (left lateral view), topotypic paratype, B0158b; (C) axial ribs above the aperture, a subadult of topotypic paratype, B0158c; (D1) sculpture on the last 1–1.5 whorls, and (D2) sculpture on the last 1.5–2 whorls of topotypic paratypes (B0158a, d); (E1–E4) holotype, B0158T; (F) apical septum, a partially opened paratype from Loc. Gk1-2, B0145; (G) sculpture behind the aperture, holotype, B0158T; (H) a worn paratype from Loc. Gk7-7, B1025; (I) a paratype from Loc. Gk7-5, B1000; (J1, J2) outer surface, and (J3, J4) inner surface of operculum, a topotypic paratype, B0158. Scale bars, 1mm (A–E, G–I), 0.5 mm (F, J). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 12. Hungerfordia pelewensis Beddome, 1889 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 12. Hungerfordia pelewensis Beddome, 1889. (A1–A5) An adult from Loc. Ko2-2, B0046a; (B) an adult from Loc. Ko5-6, B0542; (C1–C3) an adult from Loc. Gk5-5, B0651a; (D1–D3) a juvenile, and (E1–E3) a subadult from Loc. Ub6-1 (B0752a, b); (E4) enlarged Fig. E2, showing an abrupt change of the sculpture and whorl shape on the last whorl; (F) subapical views of broken adults showing the columellar tooth and the constriction: (F1) an adult from Loc. Gk5-5, B0651b; (F2) an adult from Loc. Ko2-2, B0046b; (G) a young subadult from Loc. Gk5-5, B0752c; (H) sculpture on penultimate and the higher two whorls, a subadult from Loc. Ub6-1, B0752; (I) protoconch, an adult from Loc. Ko2-2, B0651c; (J) an adult from Loc. BA4-1, B0283; (K) an adult from Loc. Gk5-5, B0046c; (L1, L2) outer surface, and (L3, L4) inner surface of operculum, Loc. Ko2-2, B0046. Arrow heads show position of the constriction. Scale bars, 1mm (A–G, J, K), 0.5 mm (H, I, L). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 10 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 10. Opercula of Palaina (Eupalaina) and Hungerfordia species. (A) P. (E.) moussoni Crosse, 1866, B0229; (B) P. (E.) dimorpha Crosse, 1866, B0087; (C) P. (E.) sp.-18, longitudinal section, B0082; (D) P. (E.) patula Crosse, 1866, B0204; (E) H. polymorpha (Crosse, 1866), B0049; (F) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, B0046; (G) H. polymorpha (Crosse, 1866), longitudinal section, B0049; (H) H. alata (Crosse, 1866), B0058. Oblique view of the outer surface, oblique view of the inner surface, and vertical view of the inner surface are shown from left to right in Figs. A, B, E, and F. Oblique view of the inner surface and vertical view of the inner surface are shown from left to right in Figs. D and H. Scale bars, 0.5 mm (A–B, D, E–F, H), 0.1 mm (C, G). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 8 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 8. Radulae and buccal masses of Hungerfordia and Palaina (Eupalaina) species. (A1–A4) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, B0283; (B1–B4) H. polymorpha (Crosse, 1866), B0315; (C1–C4) P. (E.) sp.-20, B0595; (D1, D2) P. (E.) patula Crosse, 1866, B0320; (E1) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, buccal mass, B0283; (E2) H. polymorpha (Crosse, 1866), buccal mass, B0315; (E3) P. (E.) patula Crosse, 1866, buccal mass, B0320. Scale bars, 10 µm (A–D), 0.5 mm (E1–E3). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 9 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 9. Radulae of Hungerfordia species. (A) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, B0283; (B) H. triplochilus sp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0158; (C) H. expansilabris sp. nov., topotypic paratype, B1299; (D) H. nudicollum sp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0364; (E) H. echinata echinata sp. et subsp. nov., paratype, B1084; (F) H. echinata tubulispina subsp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0169; (G) H. elegantissima sp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0375; (H) H. goniobasis goniobasis sp. et subsp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0235; (I) H. goniobasis dmasechensis subsp. nov., topotypic paratype, B0579; (J) H. lamellata (Crosse, 1866), B0157; (K) H. subalata sp. nov., paratype, B0021; (L) H. pteropurpuroides sp. nov., topotypic paratype, B1116; (M) H. alata (Crosse, 1866), B1041; (N) H. papilio papilio sp. et subsp. nov., paratype, B0374; (O) H. papilio stenoptera subsp. nov., paratype, B0761. Scale bars, 10 µm. All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 6 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 6. Terminology used in this study. (A) Shell dimensions. Abbreviations: D, shell diameter; H, shell height; PH, peristome height; SW, suture width. (B) An example showing the axial protrusions of shell wall along the axial ribs. Umbilical view of a shell of Hungerfordia pyramis (Crosse, 1866), only the last whorl shown. (C) Apical septa of some Hungerfordia species: (C1) apical whorls of a shell (live condition) of H. pteropurpuroides sp. nov.; (C2) apical whorls of a partially opened shell of H. alata (Crosse, 1866), which shows construction of an internal septum; (C3) subapical view of a shell of H. triplochilus sp. nov. after removal of the empty apical whorls above the septum.
FIGURE 7 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 7. Male soft parts of Palaina (Eupalaina) and Hungerfordia species. (A1, A2) P. (E.) patula Crosse, 1866, B0753; (B) P. (E.) sp.-20, live condition, B0732; (C) H. inflatula (Crosse, 1866), B0217; (D) H. pelewensis Beddome, 1889, live condition, B0651; (E) H. polymorpha (Crosse, 1866), live condition, B0659. Arrow heads indicate penes. Scale bars, 1mm. All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURES 4–5 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURES 4–5. Enlarged maps of Palau islands showing collecting sites. Top (Fig. 4), map of Ngerkutabel island and its neighboring islands or islets; bottom (Fig. 5), map of Mecherchar island and its neighboring islands or islets. Abbreviations of the collecting sites are listed in Table 2.
FIGURE 1 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 1. Map of Palau islands showing collecting sites. Small red circles show collecting sites. Areas encircled by blue rectangles are shown as enlarged maps in Figs. 2–5. Abbreviations of the collecting sites are listed in Table 2.
FIGURE 26 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 26. Hungerfordia alata (Crosse, 1866). (A1–A4) Syntype of "Palaina" alata, MNHN 26601; (B1, B2) original labels of the syntype; (C) a fresh specimen with a narrow interspace between the inner and outer peristomes, Loc. Ch5-1, UMUTZ- MG-B0523b. Scale bar, 1mm.
FIGURE 25 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 25. Hungerfordia alata (Crosse, 1866). (A1–A4) Loc. Ko2-2, B1396a; (B) columellar tooth (dorsal view), Loc. Ko2- 2, B1396b; (C) axial ribs above the aperture (after removal of the inner peristome), Loc. Ko2-2, B1396a; (D) sculpture on the penultimate whorl, Loc. Ko2-2, B1396c; (E) sculpture above the suture of the last whorl, Loc. Ch8-2, B1396; (F1–F3) Loc. Ko2-2, B1396d; (G) apical septum, a partially opened specimen, Loc. Ko2-2, B1396; (H) umbilical view of a specimen after removal of the winged ribs, only the last whorl shown, Loc. Ko2-2, B1396e; (I1, I2) Loc. BA5-2, B0446; (J) Loc. Ch5-1, B0523a; (K) a reddish specimen from Loc. Ub7-2, B1062; (L1, L2) outer surface, and (L3, L4) inner surface of operculum, Loc. Ko2-2, B1396. Scale bars, 1mm (A–K), 0.5 mm (L). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 24 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 24. Hungerfordia pteropurpuroides sp. nov. (A1–A4) A topotypic paratype, B0281a; (B) columella (left lateral view), (C) axial ribs above the aperture, (D) apical septum, and (E) sculpture on the penultimate whorl of topotypic paratypes (B0281a–d); (F1) left lateral view, and (F2) oblique apical view of sculpture on the penultimate whorl of the holotype; (G) umbilical view of a topotypic paratype after removal of the winged ribs, only the last whorl shown, B0281e; (H) oblique umbilical view of a paratype from Loc. BA8-3, a specimen with a narrowly opened umbilicus, B1311; (I1–I4) holotype, B0281T; (J) a paratype from Loc. BA5-2, B0447; (K) a paratype from Loc. BA6-3, B0684; (L) a paratype from Loc. BA4-2, B0295; (M1, M2) outer surface, and (M3, M4) inner surface of operculum, a topotypic paratype, B0281. Scale bars, 1mm (A–L), 0.5 mm (M). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 23 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 23. Hungerfordia subalata sp. nov. (A1–A4) A topotypic paratype, B0385a; (B) columellar tooth (dorsal view), (C) axial ribs above the aperture, and (D) sculpture on the penultimate whorl of topotypic paratypes (B0385a, b); (E) sculpture above the suture of the last whorl, holotype, B0385T; (F1–F4) holotype, B0385T; (G1–G3) a paratype from Loc. Gk6-2, untypical morph with developed spiny ribs above the aperture and with a narrowly opened umbilicus, B0738; (H) a paratype from Loc. Gk5-5, B0655; (I) a paratype from Loc. Gk4-4, B0425; (J1, J2) outer surface, and (J3, J4) inner surface of operculum, a topotypic paratype, B0385c. Scale bars, 1mm (A–I), 0.5 mm (J). All specimens, UMUTZ-MG.
FIGURE 22 in <p><strong>Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of <em>Hungerfordia</em> </strong><br /><strong>species with highly developed axial ribs</strong></p>
FIGURE 22. Hungerfordia lamellata (Crosse, 1866). (A1–A6) Syntype of "Palaina" lamellata, MNHN 26604; (A7) sculpture on apical whorls of the syntype; (B1, B2) original labels of the syntype; (C) a fresh specimen with circum-apertural sculpture similar to the syntype, Loc. Ko5-6, UMUTZ-MG-B0541. Arrow head shows an abrupt whorl swelling after the constriction. Scale bars, 1mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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