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Data from: Population genomic diversity and structure at the discontinuous southern range of the Great Gray Owl in North America
<p>Species' distributions are often discontinuous near the edge of the range where the environment may be more variable than the core of the range. Range discontinuity can reduce or cut off gene flow to small peripheral populations and lead to genetic drift and subsequent loss of genetic diversity. The southern extent of the Great Gray Owl ( Strixnebulosa) range in North America is discontinuous, unlike their northern core range across the boreal forests. We sampled owls from five different locations on the periphery of the range across the western US (Wyoming, Idaho, California, northern Oregon, and southern Oregon) to investigate genetic population structure and genetic diversity. Using a reduced-representation genomic sequencing approach to genotype 123 individuals at 4,817 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, we identified four genetically differentiated populations: California, southern Oregon, northern Oregon, and Wyoming and Idaho grouped together as a single Rocky Mountain population. The four genetically differentiated populations of Great Gray Owls identified in this study display high differentiation and low genetic variation, which is suggestive of long-term isolation and lack of connectivity, potentially caused by range discontinuity. The populations that lack habitat connectivity to the rest of the breeding range (i.e. those in California and Oregon) had lower genetic diversity than the Rocky Mountain population that is connected to the core of the range. These factors and other risks (such as disease and human-caused mortality) heighten susceptibility of these range-edge populations to future habitat and climate changes, genetic diversity erosion, and potential extinction vortex. For these reasons, protecting and monitoring this species on the southern edge of their range is vital.</p>
Terrestrial mammals from America with dengue incidence
<p>This dataset contains dengue virus incidence in mammals from published papers.</p> <p>It has 17 fields:</p> <ol> <li>Reference</li> <li>Sampling year</li> <li>Country</li> <li>Diagnostic test</li> <li>Diagnostic test type</li> <li>Subclade</li> <li>Virus</li> <li>Order</li> <li>Family</li> <li>Mammal species</li> <li>Individual tested</li> <li>Incidence</li> <li>Prevalence</li> <li>Susceptibility</li> <li>Location</li> <li>latitude</li> <li>longitude</li> </ol>
Leprocaulon beechingii (Leprocaulaceae), a new species from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America
<p><i>Leprocaulon beechingii</i> is described as new to science based on collections from exposed rock outcrops in the southern Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America. Taxonomic placement in <i>Leprocaulon</i>, and delimitation from other members of the genus with usnic acid, is supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU sequence data. The species is readily recognized by its occurrence on non-calcareous rocks, <i>normandinoides</i>-type placodioid thallus, and the production of usnic acid and zeorin.</p>
A revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis (Parmeliaceae) in eastern North America
<p>A taxonomic revision of the <i>Hypotrachyna</i> subgenus <i>Parmelinopsis</i> in eastern North America is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU data, extensive field observation and analyses of chemical and morphological data. Each species is described, illustrated with photographs, and the distribution in the region is mapped. An identification key is also presented. Eleven species are recognized: <i>H. afrorevoluta, H. appalachensis, H. britannica, H. cryptochlora, H. horrescens, H. kauffmaniana, H. minarum, H. mcmulliniana, H. revoluta, H. showmanii </i>and<i> H. spumosa</i>. Extensive discussion of prior studies is provided, particularly with respect to the delimitation of <i>H. afrorevoluta</i> and <i>H. revoluta</i>. <i>Hypotrachyna kauffmaniana</i> is described from the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and separated from <i>H. afrorevoluta</i> and <i>H. revoluta</i> by its ascending secondary lobes and pustulose soralia that are primarily confined to the secondary lobes. <i>Hypotrachyna horrescens</i> is shown to correspond to a taxon with narrow lobed, <a>small thall</a>i with ciliate isidia. <i>Hypotrachyna mcmulliniana</i> is described from material collected throughout southeastern North America that is chemically identical to <i>H. horrescens</i> but differs in having <a>larger thalli </a>and sparsely ciliate isidia. <i>Hypotrachyna appalachensis </i>is described to accommodate material previously referred to <i>H. minarum </i>but that differs in the production of 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid in high concentrations (vs. absent or present as a trace in <i>H. minarum</i>). <i>Hypotrachyna britannica</i> is reported for the first time from North America.</p>
New species boundaries and the diversification history of marsh rat taxa clarify historical connections among ecologically and geographically distinct wetlands of South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Taxa with broad geographic ranges that occur in different biomes and exhibit plastic morphological traits and/or adaptations to particular habitats make inferences about species boundaries especially challenging. However, technological and conceptual advances in the generation and analysis of genomic data have advanced the description of biodiversity. Here we address the outstanding questions about the delimitation of species in the genus <i>Holochilus, </i>a rodent with morphological specializations to wetland habitats, distributed through almost all the South America continent using genome‐wide SNP and morphometric data. Specifically, we apply a Bayesian model‐based species delimitation that revealed significant re-arrangements of species boundaries based on consideration of both morphometric and genomic data alone, or in combination. With these shifts in species boundaries, our results provide an insightful framework for inferring the group's biogeographic history and considering possible connections between disjoint biomes in South America. Because of the ecological constraints of the marsh rats, and with the proposed taxonomic re-arrangements, the significance of our findings extends beyond systematics and suggests how diversification might be associated with past ecological/environmental changes during the Pleistocene. Overall, this study highlights how genomic data can provide phylogenetic information for resolving relationships among species of <i>Holochilus</i>, but also the importance of integrative approaches to identify evolutionary independent species. For the relatively understudied vast wetlands of South America, a robust species delimitation framework therefore becomes a critical source of data relevant to hypotheses about the history of the biomes themselves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: A revised sectional classification of Plukenetia L. (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) with four new species from South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We present a phylogenetic classification for <i>Plukenetia</i> (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear (ETS, ITS, <i>KEA1 </i>introns 11 and 17, <i>TEB </i>exon 17) and plastid (<i>matK</i>, <i>ndhF</i>, <i>psbA-trnH</i>) DNA data. <i>Plukenetia</i> comprises 25 species divided into six sections, with three new sections and four new species described here. The circumscription of <i>Plukenetia</i> is unaltered from recent treatments and we continue to recognize <i>Romanoa </i>as distinct. The sections of <i>Plukenetia</i> correspond with the subclade system proposed by Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016): P1 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Fragariopsis</i> comb. et stat. nov.; P2 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Penninerviae</i> sect. nov.; P3 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>; P4 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Angostylidium</i>; and P5 = <i>P. </i>sect. <i>Hedraiostylus</i> + <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Madagascarienses </i>sect. nov. The sections are distinguished by a combination of leaf venation, staminate flower morphology, pistillate flower number, style morphology, fruit type, and seed size. Additionally, we describe three new species from South America belonging to sect. <i>Penninerviae</i>: <b><i>Plukenetia brevistyla </i></b>and<b><i> Plukenetia megastyla</i> </b>from the Amazon basin and <b><i>Plukenetia chocoensis</i></b>from the Chocó Biogeographic Region of Colombia. The new Amazonian species are morphologically similar to <i>P. brachybotrya</i> but distinguished by their style shape and size. The new Colombian species is morphologically similar to <i>P. penninervia</i> but distinguished by its elongate basilaminar extrafloral nectaries, presence of abaxial laminar extrafloral nectaries, and longer inflorescences. We also describe a new species from sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>, <b><i>Plukenetia sylvestris</i></b>, which is widespread in central and southern Peru. This species is suggested to be the wild progenitor of the cultivated <i>P. carolis-vegae</i>, differing by its smaller seeds/fruits and fewer stamens. Molecular data, including a new ETS phylogeny sampling <i>P. brevistyla</i>, support our new taxa as distinct. Keys to the sections and species of <i>Plukenetia</i> are provided<i> </i>and we designate 12 new lectotypes for <i>Plukenetia</i> and <i>Romanoa</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Paleotemperatures and recurrent habitat shifts drive diversification of treefrogs across distinct biodiversity hotspots in sub-Amazonian South America
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We investigate the biogeographic history and diversification in a treefrog lineage distributed in contrasting (open and forested) ecoregions of South America, including three biodiversity hotspots. We evaluate the role of dispersal and whether other factors such as diversity-dependence or paleotemperatures could explain the diversification pattern for this group. Especially focusing on the savanna endemics, we illuminate on processes governing the species assembly and evolution of the Cerrado savanna.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: South American ecoregions south of the Amazon (e.g. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Araucaria Forest, Pampas, Central and Southern Andes).</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Boana pulchella group.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We built the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny for the group to date. We then reconstructed ancestral ranges using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model comparing different dispersal scenarios considering distance, adjacency and ecological similarity among regions. A center-of-origin hypothesis in forest versus open ecoregions was also tested. Using biogeographical stochastic mapping, we additionally estimated the contribution of range shifts across different biomes. Lastly, we evaluated several diversification models, including the effect of time, diversity-dependence and temperature-dependence on speciation and extinction rates.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The Boana pulchella group originated during the Early Miocene (~17.5 MYA) and underwent high speciation rates during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, with a decreasing trend following the Miocene Climatic Transition. We found no support for a single ecoregion acting as a center of origin and diversification; instead, we inferred recurrent range shifts with dispersal among dissimilar adjacent ecoregions. Speciation linearly dependent on paleotemperatures, with either no or very low constant extinction rates, best explained the slowdown diversification pattern.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: Our results support a species assembly of Cerrado savanna in South America during the Miocene with intermittent interchange with rainforest habitats. Past climate changes impacted the rate new species originated with apparently no impact on extinction. Finally, the repeated habitat shifts among open/dry and forested/humid ecoregions, rather than long-term in-situ diversification in single areas, highlights the very dynamic historical interchange between contrasting habitats in South America, possibly contributing to its high species diversity.</p>
Figure 1 in New species of Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Central and South America
Figure 1. Orasema lasallei sp. nov.
Figure 2 in New species of Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Central and South America
Figure 2. Antennae. an, anellus; Fu8, funicular 8. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
Cataloguing the Landscape: Photography in 1970s America
<p>4<sup>th</sup> Presentation</p>
Supplementary Information for "Resolution and the Detection of Cultural Dispersals: development and application of spatiotemporal methods in Lowland South America"
<p>Data and code to reproduce the analyses in "Resolution and the Detection of Cultural Dispersals: development and application of spatiotemporal methods in Lowland South America"</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Inferring episodes of expansion, admixture, diffusion, and/or migration in prehistory is at present undergoing a resurgence in macro-scale archaeological interpretation. In parallel to this renewed popularity, expanding access to computational tools and datasets has seen the use of aggregated radiocarbon datasets for the study of dispersals also increasing. This paper advocates for developing reflexive practice in the application of radiocarbon dates to prehistoric dispersals, by reflecting on the quality and qualities of the underlying data, particularly chronometric uncertainty, and framing dispersals explicitly in terms of hypothesis testing. This paper draws on cultural expansions within South America and employs two emblematic examples, the Arauquinoid and Tupiguarani traditions, to develop an analytical solution that not only incorporates chronometric uncertainty in bivariate regression but, importantly, tests whether the datasets provide statistically significant evidence for a dispersal process. The analysis, which the paper provides the means to replicate, identifies fundamental issues with resolution and data quality that impede identification of pre-Columbian cultural dispersals through simple spatial gradients of radiocarbon data. The results suggest that reflexivity must be fed back into theoretical frameworks of prehistoric mobility for the study of dispersals, in turn informing the construction of more critical statistical null models. As a first step, alternative models of cultural expansion should be formally considered alongside demographic models.Inferring episodes of expansion, admixture, diffusion, and/or migration in prehistory is at present undergoing a resurgence in macro-scale archaeological interpretation. In parallel to this renewed popularity, expanding access to computational tools and datasets has seen the use of aggregated radiocarbon datasets for the study of dispersals also increasing. This paper advocates for developing reflexive practice in the application of radiocarbon dates to prehistoric dispersals, by reflecting on the quality and qualities of the underlying data, particularly chronometric uncertainty, and framing dispersals explicitly in terms of hypothesis testing. This paper draws on cultural expansions within South America and employs two emblematic examples, the Arauquinoid and Tupiguarani traditions, to develop an analytical solution that not only incorporates chronometric uncertainty in bivariate regression but, importantly, tests whether the datasets provide statistically significant evidence for a dispersal process. The analysis, which the paper provides the means to replicate, identifies fundamental issues with resolution and data quality that impede identification of pre-Columbian cultural dispersals through simple spatial gradients of radiocarbon data. The results suggest that reflexivity must be fed back into theoretical frameworks of prehistoric mobility for the study of dispersals, in turn informing the construction of more critical statistical null models. As a first step, alternative models of cultural expansion should be formally considered alongside demographic models.</p>
Caught in a bottleneck: habitat loss for woolly mammoths in central North America and the ice-free corridor during the last deglaciation
<p>The dataset is to describe the habitat structure and bioenergetic characteristics of woolly mammoths (<i><span>Mammuthus primigenius</span></i>) in North America during the last deglaciation between 15 and 10 ka. The habitat structure includes fractional woody cover (FWC) and net primary productivity (NPP) for 20 plant functional types (PFTs). NPP is based on the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (LPJG). FWC is based on LPJ-GUESS and fossil pollen records in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database. The bioenergetic characteristics of woolly mammoths are the results of Niche Mapper, including metabolic rate, forage consumption, freshwater consumption, and other bioenergetic traits of individual woolly mammoths. These data were conducted at a temporal resolution of 100-year means of climate simulations every 1,000 years, from 15 to 10 ka. Simulations were run for all of North America except Alaska (10° – 80°N, 140° – 45°W) at a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5° grid latitude and longitude.</p>
Figure 4 in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 4 Arrenurus deltensis Rosso de Ferradas, male. A – dorsum; B – venter. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K. Viets, male, dorsum. Scale bar = 100 µm.
Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America
Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar dispar</i>) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly <i>L. d. asiatica</i> and <i>L. d. japonica</i>) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within <i>L. dispar</i> and its sister species <i>L. umbrosa</i>. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to 1) North America, 2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, 3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, 4) continental East Asia, and 5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, <i>L. umbrosa</i> was grouped with <i>L. d. japonica</i>, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, with the exception of North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014–2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.
Data from: 1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America
The emergence of HIV-1 group M subtype B in North American men who have sex with men was a key turning point in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Phylogenetic studies have suggested cryptic subtype B circulation in the United States (US) throughout the 1970s1, 2 and an even older presence in the Caribbean2. However, these temporal and geographical inferences, based upon partial HIV-1 genomes that postdate the recognition of AIDS in 1981, remain contentious3, 4 and the earliest movements of the virus within the US are unknown. We serologically screened >2,000 1970s serum samples and developed a highly sensitive approach for recovering viral RNA from degraded archival samples. Here, we report eight coding-complete genomes from US serum samples from 1978–1979—eight of the nine oldest HIV-1 group M genomes to date. This early, full-genome 'snapshot' reveals that the US HIV-1 epidemic exhibited extensive genetic diversity in the 1970s but also provides strong evidence for its emergence from a pre-existing Caribbean epidemic. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses estimate the jump to the US at around 1970 and place the ancestral US virus in New York City with 0.99 posterior probability support, strongly suggesting this was the crucial hub of early US HIV/AIDS diversification. Logistic growth coalescent models reveal epidemic doubling times of 0.86 and 1.12 years for the US and Caribbean, respectively, suggesting rapid early expansion in each location3. Comparisons with more recent data reveal many of these insights to be unattainable without archival, full-genome sequences. We also recovered the HIV-1 genome from the individual known as 'Patient 0' (ref. 5) and found neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole. We discuss the genesis and persistence of this belief in the light of these evolutionary insights.
Data from: Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America
Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure. To distinguish between these hypotheses in O. lurida, 13,424 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to characterize rangewide population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Samples were collected across the species range on the west coast of North America, from southern California to Vancouver Island. A conservative approach for detecting putative loci under selection identified 235 SNPs across 129 GBS loci, which were functionally annotated and analyzed separately from the remaining neutral loci. While strong population structure was observed on a regional scale in both neutral and outlier markers, neutral markers had greater power to detect fine-scale structure. Geographic regions of reduced gene flow aligned with known marine biogeographic barriers, such as Cape Mendocino, Monterey Bay, and the currents around Cape Flattery. The outlier loci identified as under putative selection included genes involved in developmental regulation, sensory information processing, energy metabolism, immune response, and muscle contraction. These loci are excellent candidates for future research and may provide targets for genetic monitoring programs. Beyond specific applications for restoration and management of the Olympia oyster, this study lends to the growing body of evidence for both population structure and adaptive differentiation across a range of marine species exhibiting the potential for panmixia. Computational notebooks are available to facilitate reproducibility and future open-sourced research on the population structure of <i>Ostrea lurida</i>.
Data from: Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity
Oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) are the dominant tree genus of North America in species number and biomass, and Mexico is a global center of oak diversity. Understanding the origins of oak diversity is key to understanding biodiversity of northern temperate forests. A phylogenetic study of biogeography, niche evolution and diversification patterns in Quercus was performed using 300 samples, 146 species. Next-generation sequencing data were generated using the restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-seq) method. A time-calibrated maximum likelihood phylogeny was inferred and analyzed with bioclimatic, soils, and leaf habit data to reconstruct the biogeographic and evolutionary history of the American oaks. Our highly resolved phylogeny demonstrates sympatric parallel diversification in climatic niche, leaf habit, and diversification rates. The two major American oak clades arose in what is now the boreal zone and radiated, in parallel, from eastern North America into Mexico and Central America. Oaks adapted rapidly to niche transitions. The Mexican oaks are particularly numerous, not because Mexico is a center of origin, but because of high rates of lineage diversification associated with high rates of evolution along moisture gradients and between the evergreen and deciduous leaf habits. Sympatric parallel diversification in the oaks has shaped the diversity of North American forests.
Data from: Lecanora caperatica (Lecanoraceae, lichenized ascomycetes) a new sorediate species widespread in eastern North America
Lecanora caperatica is described based on collections from throughout temperate eastern North America. It is a crustose sorediate species in the L. subfusca group which has pulcaris-type apothecia, and produces atranorin and caperatic acid often with accessory roccellic/angardianic acid. The species is chemically similar to the European L. mugosphagneti which differs in ecology, thallus morphology and in having albella-type apothecia. The generic placement of L. caperatica, and its affinity to the L. subfusca group, are confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Data from: Fighting over food unites the birds of North America in a continental dominance hierarchy
Members of different species often engage in aggressive contests over resources. This series of aggressive contests between species may result in an interspecific dominance hierarchy. Such hierarchies are of interest because they could be used to address a variety of research questions, for example, do similarly ranked species tend to avoid each other in time or space, and what will happen when such species come into contact as climates change? Here, we propose a method for creating a continental-scale hierarchy, and we make initial analyses based on this hierarchy. Leveraging the existing network of citizen scientists from Project FeederWatch, we collected the data with which to create a continent-spanning interspecific dominance hierarchy that included species that do not currently have overlapping geographic distributions. We quantified the extent of intransitivities (rock-paper-scissors relationships) in the hierarchy, as intransitivities can promote local species' coexistence. Overall, the hierarchy was nearly linear, and largely predicted by body mass, although there were clade-specific deviations from the average mass–dominance relationship. Warblers and orioles, for instance, were more dominant than expected based on their body mass, while buntings, grosbeaks, and doves were less dominant than expected. Intransitive relationships were rare. Few interactions were reported between close relatives and ecological competitors like Mountain and Black-capped Chickadees, as such species often have only marginally overlapping geographic distributions, restricting opportunity for observation. Yet, these species' ranks—emergent properties of the network—were often in agreement with targeted studies of dominance relationships between them.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.